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Menstrual toxic shock syndrome can be prevented by avoiding the | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Toxic shock syndrome}} | |||
{{CMG}};{{AE}}{{MIR}} | |||
==Overview== | |||
[[Toxic shock syndrome]] (TSS) can be prevented by educating people about symptoms of [[TSS]] and maintaining proper [[hygiene]]. Experimental [[Toxic shock syndrome|TSS]] [[vaccines]] may be a good choice for high risk patients.<ref name="pmid1328970">{{cite journal |vauthors=Colbry SL |title=A review of toxic shock syndrome: the need for education still exists |journal=Nurse Pract |volume=17 |issue=9 |pages=39–40, 43, 46 |year=1992 |pmid=1328970 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11675982">{{cite journal |vauthors=Issa NC, Thompson RL |title=Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome. Suspicion and prevention are keys to control |journal=Postgrad Med |volume=110 |issue=4 |pages=55–6, 59–62 |year=2001 |pmid=11675982 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3082921">{{cite journal |vauthors=Igarashi H, Fujikawa H, Shingaki M, Bergdoll MS |title=Latex agglutination test for staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 |journal=J. Clin. Microbiol. |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=509–12 |year=1986 |pmid=3082921 |pmc=268684 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12753244">{{cite journal |vauthors=Javid Khojasteh V, Rogan MT, Edwards-Jones V, Foster HA |title=Detection of antibodies to Staphylococcus aureus Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 using a competitive agglutination inhibition assay |journal=Lett. Appl. Microbiol. |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=372–6 |year=2003 |pmid=12753244 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
== Primary Prevention == | |||
* Increase education can help to prevent TSS. All women should be educated about the risk of TSS and the essence of frequently changing tampons. | |||
* The spread of all types of group A [[Streptococcus|streptococcal]] infections can be reduced by better [[hygiene]] measures including proper hand washing, especially after [[coughing]] and [[Sneeze|sneezing]] and before preparing foods or eating. This can specially be helpful for prevention of non-[[menstrual]] [[toxic shock syndrome]](TSS).<ref name="urlGroup A Strep | Group A Streptococcus Diseases | GAS | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/index.html |title=Group A Strep | Group A Streptococcus Diseases | GAS | CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
* Patients with confirmed [[strep throat]] should stay at home until 24 hours after commencing antibiotic treatment. | |||
* It is not necessary for all people exposed to someone with an [[invasive]] group A [[Streptococcus|streptococcal]] TSS to receive [[antibiotic]] therapy to prevent infection. However, in certain circumstances, [[antibiotic]] therapy may be appropriate. | |||
* [[Menstrual]] [[toxic shock syndrome]] can be prevented by avoiding tampons usage, especially the super absorbent variety. Risk can be reduced by changing tampons more frequently. | |||
* All [[Wound|wounds]] specially penetrating wounds should be kept clean and watched for possible signs of infection such as [[pain]], [[swelling]], local drainage, and [[redness]] at the wound site. | |||
* Experimental [[Staphylococcus|staphylococcal]] [[Vaccine|vaccines]] and immuno-therapies are now in clinical trials and may be introduced to the market soon.<ref name="pmid21625323">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin YC, Peterson ML |title=New insights into the prevention of staphylococcal infections and toxic shock syndrome |journal=Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=753–767 |year=2010 |pmid=21625323 |pmc=3102526 |doi=10.1586/ecp.10.121 |url=}}</ref> | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist|2}} | |||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahshid Mir, M.D. [2]
Overview
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) can be prevented by educating people about symptoms of TSS and maintaining proper hygiene. Experimental TSS vaccines may be a good choice for high risk patients.[1][2][3][4]
Primary Prevention
- Increase education can help to prevent TSS. All women should be educated about the risk of TSS and the essence of frequently changing tampons.
- The spread of all types of group A streptococcal infections can be reduced by better hygiene measures including proper hand washing, especially after coughing and sneezing and before preparing foods or eating. This can specially be helpful for prevention of non-menstrual toxic shock syndrome(TSS).[5]
- Patients with confirmed strep throat should stay at home until 24 hours after commencing antibiotic treatment.
- It is not necessary for all people exposed to someone with an invasive group A streptococcal TSS to receive antibiotic therapy to prevent infection. However, in certain circumstances, antibiotic therapy may be appropriate.
- Menstrual toxic shock syndrome can be prevented by avoiding tampons usage, especially the super absorbent variety. Risk can be reduced by changing tampons more frequently.
- All wounds specially penetrating wounds should be kept clean and watched for possible signs of infection such as pain, swelling, local drainage, and redness at the wound site.
- Experimental staphylococcal vaccines and immuno-therapies are now in clinical trials and may be introduced to the market soon.[6]
References
- ↑ Colbry SL (1992). "A review of toxic shock syndrome: the need for education still exists". Nurse Pract. 17 (9): 39–40, 43, 46. PMID 1328970.
- ↑ Issa NC, Thompson RL (2001). "Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome. Suspicion and prevention are keys to control". Postgrad Med. 110 (4): 55–6, 59–62. PMID 11675982.
- ↑ Igarashi H, Fujikawa H, Shingaki M, Bergdoll MS (1986). "Latex agglutination test for staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin 1". J. Clin. Microbiol. 23 (3): 509–12. PMC 268684. PMID 3082921.
- ↑ Javid Khojasteh V, Rogan MT, Edwards-Jones V, Foster HA (2003). "Detection of antibodies to Staphylococcus aureus Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 using a competitive agglutination inhibition assay". Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 36 (6): 372–6. PMID 12753244.
- ↑ "Group A Strep | Group A Streptococcus Diseases | GAS | CDC".
- ↑ Lin YC, Peterson ML (2010). "New insights into the prevention of staphylococcal infections and toxic shock syndrome". Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 3 (6): 753–767. doi:10.1586/ecp.10.121. PMC 3102526. PMID 21625323.