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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Toxic megacolon}}
{{Toxic megacolon}}
{{CMG}}
 
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{F.K}}
==Overview==
The most common cause of toxic megacolon include [[inflammatory bowel disease]] and [[Clostridium difficile|''Clostridium difficile'']] [[pseudomembranous colitis]].
 
==Causes==
==Causes==
* Autoimmune conditions
===Life-threatening Cause ===
** [[Ulcerative colitis]]
* There are no life-threatening causes of toxic megacolon.
 
=== Common Causes ===
Common causes of toxic megacolon include:<ref name="pmid22009735">{{cite journal| author=Autenrieth DM, Baumgart DC| title=Toxic megacolon. | journal=Inflamm Bowel Dis | year= 2012 | volume= 18 | issue= 3 | pages= 584-91 | pmid=22009735 | doi=10.1002/ibd.21847 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22009735  }} </ref><ref name="urlToxic megacolon - ScienceDirect">{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673697104755?via%3Dihub |title=Toxic megacolon - ScienceDirect |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8076762">{{cite journal |vauthors=Surawicz CM, Haggitt RC, Husseman M, McFarland LV |title=Mucosal biopsy diagnosis of colitis: acute self-limited colitis and idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=107 |issue=3 |pages=755–63 |year=1994 |pmid=8076762 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid192627">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cooper HS, Raffensperger EC, Jonas L, Fitts WT |title=Cytomegalovirus inclusions in patients with ulcerative colitis and toxic dilation requiring colonic resection |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=1253–6 |year=1977 |pmid=192627 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16126276">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nayar DM, Vetrivel S, McElroy J, Pai P, Koerner RJ, Rovetto MJ, Lamberton WF, Neely JR, Fahnestock SR, Wiesmann UN, DiDonato S, Herschkowitz NN, Kulik AM, Kondrat'eva LN, Chow YW, Pietranico R, Mukerji A, Frankle RT, Nayar DM, Vetrivel S, McElroy J, Pai P, Koerner RJ, Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G, Tarentino AL, Maley F, Daniels LK, Anderson TR, Slotkin TA, Maneksha S, Harry TV |title=Toxic megacolon complicating Escherichia coli O157 infection |journal=J. Infect. |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=e103–6 |year=2006 |pmid=16126276 |doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2005.07.029 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19650837">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hung CW, Wu WF, Wu CL |title=Rotavirus gastroenteritis complicated with toxic megacolon |journal=Acta Paediatr. |volume=98 |issue=11 |pages=1850–2 |year=2009 |pmid=19650837 |doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01444.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14714626">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adorian C, Khoury G, Tawil A, Sharara A |title=Behçet's disease complicated by toxic megacolon |journal=Dig. Dis. Sci. |volume=48 |issue=12 |pages=2366–8 |year=2003 |pmid=14714626 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
* Inflammatory
**[[Ulcerative colitis]]
**[[Crohn disease]]
**[[Behçet disease]]
** [[Bacterial]]
*** [[Clostridium difficile]]
***[[Salmonella]] [[Typhoid]] and non-thyphoid
***[[Shigella]]
***[[Yersinia]]
***[[Campylobacter]]
***[[Escherichia coli]]
**Viral
***[[Cytomegalovirus|Cytomegalovirus (CMV)]]
***[[Rotavirus]]
**Parasitic
***[[Entamoeba]]
***[[Cryptosporidium]]
*[[Ischemic colitis,|Ischemic colitis]]
*[[Kaposi's sarcoma|Kaposi sarcoma]]
 
===Less Common Causes===
 
Less common causes of toxic megacolon include:<ref name="GanBeck2003">{{cite journal|last1=Gan|first1=S. Ian|last2=Beck|first2=P. L.|title=A new look at toxic megacolon: an update and review of incidence, etiology, pathogenesis, and management|journal=The American Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=98|issue=11|year=2003|pages=2363–2371|issn=0002-9270|doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07696.x}}</ref><ref name="pmid3781186">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pera A, Bellando P, Caldera D, Ponti V, Astegiano M, Barletti C, David E, Arrigoni A, Rocca G, Verme G |title=Colonoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease. Diagnostic accuracy and proposal of an endoscopic score |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=181–5 |year=1987 |pmid=3781186 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7870642">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wodziński MA, Snowden JA, Reilly JT |title=Toxic megacolon complicating chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukaemia |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=70 |issue=830 |pages=921–3 |year=1994 |pmid=7870642 |pmc=2398035 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19484403">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bains S, Lloyd GM, Sutton CD, West K, Miller AS |title=A case of toxic megacolon in a patient with collagenous colitis |journal=Tech Coloproctol |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=165–6 |year=2009 |pmid=19484403 |doi=10.1007/s10151-009-0475-5 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12209349">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hayes-Lattin BM, Curtin PT, Fleming WH, Leis JF, Stepan DE, Schubach S, Maziarz RT |title=Toxic megacolon: a life-threatening complication of high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation among patients with AL amyloidosis |journal=Bone Marrow Transplant. |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=279–85 |year=2002 |pmid=12209349 |doi=10.1038/sj.bmt.1703627 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Aspergillosis]]
*[[Collagenous colitis]]
*[[Rotavirus]]
*Malignancy like colonic lymohoma
*[[Pseudomembranous colitis]] secondary to [[methotrexate]] therapy
*Nonspecific colitis secondary to [[chemotherapy]]
*Cessation or interruption of [[ulcerative colitis]] therapy (5-ASA agents or [[Steroid|steroids]])
*Radition colitis


* Inflammatory conditions
===Causes by Organ System===
** [[Reiter syndrome]]


* Malignant neoplastic conditions
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
** [[Colorectal cancer]]
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | No underlying causes
|-
| bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Ulcerative colitis]], [[Crohn's disease]], [[collagenous colitis]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Bacterial]], [[Clostridium difficile|''Clostridium difficile'']], [[Salmonella]], [[Shigella]], [[Yersinia]], [[Campylobacter]], [[Escherichia coli|''Escherichia coli'']], [[Cytomegalovirus]] ([[CMV]]), [[Rotavirus]], [[Entamoeba]], [[Cryptosporidium]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Kaposi sarcoma]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Behçet disease]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|}
 
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order.
{{columns-list|
*[[Aspergillosis]]
*[[Behçet disease]]
*[[Campylobacter]]
*Cessation or interruption of ulcerative colitis therapy (5 ASA agents or steroids)
*[[Clostridium difficile]]
*[[Collagenous colitis]]
*[[Crohn disease]]
*[[Cryptosporidium]]
*[[Cytomegalovirus|Cytomegalovirus(CMV)]]
*[[Entamoeba]]
*[[Escherichia coli]]
*[[Ischemic colitis,|Ischemic colitis]]
*[[Kaposi's sarcoma|Kaposi sarcoma]]
* Malignancy like colonic lyphoma
*Nonspecific colitis secondary to chemotherapy
*Pseudomembranous colitis secondary to methotrexate therapy
*Radiation coliotis
*[[Rotavirus]]
*[[Rotavirus]]
*[[Salmonella]]
*[[Shigella]]
*[[Ulcerative colitis]]
*[[Yersinia]]
 
}}


* Bacteria and bacterial conditions
** [[Campylobacter jejuni]]
** [[Salmonella]]
** [[Typhoid fever]]
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
 
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Latest revision as of 23:07, 10 January 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Farima Kahe M.D. [2]

Overview

The most common cause of toxic megacolon include inflammatory bowel disease and Clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis.

Causes

Life-threatening Cause

  • There are no life-threatening causes of toxic megacolon.

Common Causes

Common causes of toxic megacolon include:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of toxic megacolon include:[8][9][10][11][12]

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, collagenous colitis
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Bacterial, Clostridium difficile, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Rotavirus, Entamoeba, Cryptosporidium
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Kaposi sarcoma
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Behçet disease
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order.

References

  1. ↑ Autenrieth DM, Baumgart DC (2012). "Toxic megacolon". Inflamm Bowel Dis. 18 (3): 584–91. doi:10.1002/ibd.21847. PMID 22009735.
  2. ↑ "Toxic megacolon - ScienceDirect".
  3. ↑ Surawicz CM, Haggitt RC, Husseman M, McFarland LV (1994). "Mucosal biopsy diagnosis of colitis: acute self-limited colitis and idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease". Gastroenterology. 107 (3): 755–63. PMID 8076762.
  4. ↑ Cooper HS, Raffensperger EC, Jonas L, Fitts WT (1977). "Cytomegalovirus inclusions in patients with ulcerative colitis and toxic dilation requiring colonic resection". Gastroenterology. 72 (6): 1253–6. PMID 192627.
  5. ↑ Nayar DM, Vetrivel S, McElroy J, Pai P, Koerner RJ, Rovetto MJ, Lamberton WF, Neely JR, Fahnestock SR, Wiesmann UN, DiDonato S, Herschkowitz NN, Kulik AM, Kondrat'eva LN, Chow YW, Pietranico R, Mukerji A, Frankle RT, Nayar DM, Vetrivel S, McElroy J, Pai P, Koerner RJ, Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G, Tarentino AL, Maley F, Daniels LK, Anderson TR, Slotkin TA, Maneksha S, Harry TV (2006). "Toxic megacolon complicating Escherichia coli O157 infection". J. Infect. 52 (4): e103–6. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2005.07.029. PMID 16126276.
  6. ↑ Hung CW, Wu WF, Wu CL (2009). "Rotavirus gastroenteritis complicated with toxic megacolon". Acta Paediatr. 98 (11): 1850–2. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01444.x. PMID 19650837.
  7. ↑ Adorian C, Khoury G, Tawil A, Sharara A (2003). "Behçet's disease complicated by toxic megacolon". Dig. Dis. Sci. 48 (12): 2366–8. PMID 14714626.
  8. ↑ Gan, S. Ian; Beck, P. L. (2003). "A new look at toxic megacolon: an update and review of incidence, etiology, pathogenesis, and management". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 98 (11): 2363–2371. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07696.x. ISSN 0002-9270.
  9. ↑ Pera A, Bellando P, Caldera D, Ponti V, Astegiano M, Barletti C, David E, Arrigoni A, Rocca G, Verme G (1987). "Colonoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease. Diagnostic accuracy and proposal of an endoscopic score". Gastroenterology. 92 (1): 181–5. PMID 3781186.
  10. ↑ Wodziński MA, Snowden JA, Reilly JT (1994). "Toxic megacolon complicating chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukaemia". Postgrad Med J. 70 (830): 921–3. PMC 2398035. PMID 7870642.
  11. ↑ Bains S, Lloyd GM, Sutton CD, West K, Miller AS (2009). "A case of toxic megacolon in a patient with collagenous colitis". Tech Coloproctol. 13 (2): 165–6. doi:10.1007/s10151-009-0475-5. PMID 19484403.
  12. ↑ Hayes-Lattin BM, Curtin PT, Fleming WH, Leis JF, Stepan DE, Schubach S, Maziarz RT (2002). "Toxic megacolon: a life-threatening complication of high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation among patients with AL amyloidosis". Bone Marrow Transplant. 30 (5): 279–85. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1703627. PMID 12209349.

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