Hematuria causes: Difference between revisions

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{{Hematuria}}
{{Hematuria}}
{{SCC}}
{{CMG}} ; {{AE}} {{SCC}} {{KS}} {{VSKP}}
=Overview=
Causes of hematuria can range from benign conditions such as [[urinary tract infection]] to serious conditions such as [[bladder cancer]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Rew | first = Karl | title = Primary care urology | publisher = Saunders | location = Philadelphia, Pa. London | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-1437724899 }}</ref> Extrarenal site is responsible for more than 60% of cases of hematuria. Of these, the most important underlying disease is malignancy. In the primary care population, about 5% of patients with microscopic hematuria will have a [[urinary tract]] malignancy, mainly of the [[bladder]] or [[prostate]]. The most common nonmalignant causes of extrarenal hematuria are infections, such as [[cystitis]], [[prostatitis]], and urethritis.Regarding renal causes of microscopic hematuria, the most common cause of isolated [[glomerular]] hematuria (without significant proteinuria) is [[IgA nephropathy]], followed by thin [[basement membrane]] disease, hereditary nephritis [[Alport syndrome|(Alport syndrome]]), and mild focal [[glomerulonephritis]] of other causes.


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
* [[Bladder rupture|Intraperitoneal bladder rupture]]
* [[Fistula|Ureteroarterial fistula]]
* [[Hemorrhagic cystitis]]
*[[Heart failure]]
*[[Malignant hypertension]]
*[[Shock]]
===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
* [[Bladder carcinoma]]
{| class="wikitable"
* Contamination during menstruation
|-
* [[Cystitis]]
! style="width: 33.3%;" | '''Children'''<ref name="AminZaritsky2011">{{cite journal|last1=Amin|first1=Nimisha|last2=Zaritsky|first2=Joshua J.|title=Hematuria|year=2011|pages=258–261|doi=10.1016/B978-0-323-05405-8.00069-3}}</ref>
* [[Glomerulonephritis]]
! style="width: 33.3%;" | '''Age <50 years'''<ref name="Surgery (Oxford)">{{cite web |url=http://www.surgeryjournal.co.uk/article/S0263-9319(10)00199-7/abstract |title=www.surgeryjournal.co.uk |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* [[Prostatic hypertrophy]]
! style="width: 33.4%;" |'''Age >50 years'''<ref name="Surgery (Oxford)">{{cite web |url=http://www.surgeryjournal.co.uk/article/S0263-9319(10)00199-7/abstract |title=www.surgeryjournal.co.uk |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* [[Pyelonephritis]]
|-
* [[Prostatitis]]
| valign="top" |
* [[Urinary tract infection]]
* [[Benign familial hematuria]] or [[Thin basement membrane disease]]
* [[IgA nephropathy]]
* [[hypercalciuria|Idiopathic hypercalciuria]]
* Transient unexplained
| valign="top" |
* [[Urinary tract infection]]
* Transient unexplained
* [[Kidney stone|Stones]]
* [[Exercise]]
* [[Trauma]]
* [[Polycystic kidney disease]]
| valign="top" |
* [[Urinary tract infection]]
* Transient unexplained
* [[Kidney stone|Stones]]
* [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]]
* [[Bladder cancer]]
* [[Renal carcinoma]]
* [[Renal carcinoma]]
* [[renal stones|Stones]]
* [[Prostate cancer]]
* [[Urinary Tract Infection]] ([[UTI]])
|}
 
===Causes by Organ System <ref name="pmid24865509">{{cite journal |vauthors=Varma PP, Sengupta P, Nair RK |title=Post exertional hematuria |journal=Ren Fail |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=701–3 |date=June 2014 |pmid=24865509 |doi=10.3109/0886022X.2014.890011 |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid24432706">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fiore DC, Fox CL |title=Urology and nephrology update: proteinuria and hematuria |journal=FP Essent |volume=416 |issue= |pages=11–21 |date=January 2014 |pmid=24432706 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid25669037">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hotta M |title=[Diagnosis of hematuria from red blood cells in urinary sediment] |language=Japanese |journal=Rinsho Byori |volume=62 |issue=7 |pages=674–83 |date=July 2014 |pmid=25669037 |doi= |url=}}</ref>===
{| style="width: 80%; height: 100px; text-align: justify; text-justify: distribute;" border="1"
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" | '''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" |[[Arteriosclerosis]], [[arteriovenous malformations]], [[endocarditis]], [[cholesterol embolism]], [[heart failure]], [[hypertension]], [[malignant hypertension]], [[shock]]
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis]], [[lupus]], [[Osler's Disease |Osler's disease]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[Carbuncle|urethral carbuncle]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Artemether and lumefantrin]], [[beractant]], [[BCG vaccine]], [[bicalutamide]], [[caspofungin acetate]], [[cefpodoxime]], [[Cobimetinib|cobimetinib]], [[cyclophosphamide]],[[dicoumarol]], [[ethacrynic acid]], [[febuxostat]], [[felbamate]], [[flurbiprofen]], [[gemcitabine]], [[goserelin]], [[hexaminolevulinate]], [[Ibrutinib]], [[Indinavir]], [[Ifosfamide]], [[Ioxilan]], [[leuprolide]], [[methenamine]], [[micafungin]], [[mitotane]], [[olsalazine]], [[Oxcarbazepine]], [[Oxaprozin]] [[penicillamine]], [[phenprocoumon]], [[Pramipexole]], [[probenecid]], [[sodium aurothiomalate]], [[sulfasalazine]], [[tiagabine]], [[tolmetin]], [[tiaprofenic acid]], [[warfarin]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis]], [[mononucleosis]], [[Osler's Disease |Osler's disease]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Diabetes mellitus]], [[diabetic glomerulosclerosis]], [[diabetic nephropathy]], [[porphyria]]
 
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Hepatitis B]], [[porphyria]]
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Alport syndrome]], [[Berger's disease]], [[Fabry disease]], [[Dent's disease]], [[hemoglobinopathy]], [[hemophilia]], [[IgA nephropathy]] [[nail-patella syndrome]], [[Dent's disease|Nephrolithiasis type 2]][[Osler's Disease |Osler's disease]], [[paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria]], [[polycystic kidney disease]], [[thalassemia]],[[Arteriovenous malformations |renal arteriovenous malformation]], [[thalassemia]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Cold agglutinins]], [[Mechanical hemolytic anemia |March haemoglobinuria]], [[hemoglobinopathy]], [[hemophilia]], [[hemolytic uremic syndrome]], [[Henoch schonlein purpura]], [[hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis]], [[multiple myeloma]], [[Donath-Landsteiner syndrome|paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria]], [[paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria]], [[polycythemia vera]], [[porphyria]], [[sickle cell anemia]], [[thalassemia]], [[thrombocytopenia]][[thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute cystitis]], [[acute interstitial nephritis]], [[acute prostatitis]], [[adenovirus]], [[bilharziosis]], [[tuberculosis overview|bladder tuberculosis]], [[chronic cystitis]], [[cystitis]], [[Cytomegalovirus overview|cytomegalovirus]], [[dengue]], [[Dent's disease]], [[E.coli]], [[ECHO viruses]] [[endocarditis]], [[filaria]], [[hepatitis B]], [[Influenza]], [[legionella infection]], [[legionella pneumophila]], [[malaria]], [[micafungin]] [[mononucleosis]], [[mycoplasma]], [[nephritis]], [[postinfectious glomerulonephritis]], [[tuberculosis|prostate tuberculosis]], [[prostatitis]] [[pyelonephritis]], [[Post-radiation cystitis |radiation cystitis]], [[renal tuberculosis]], [[salmonella]][[schistosomiasis]], [[toxoplasma]], [[trichinella spiralis]], [[tuberculosis]], [[urethritis]], [[vasculitis]], [[pseudomonas]], [[renal tuberculosis]], [[salmonella]], [[schistosomiasis]], [[torulopsis]], [[toxoplasma]], [[trichinella spiralis]], [[tuberculosis]], [[Tuberculosis|ureter tuberculosis]], [[urethritis]], [[urinary tract infection]]. [[Urogenital Tuberculosis |urogential tuberculosis]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Pelvic fracture]]  
 
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Arteriosclerosis]], [[arteriovenous malformations]], [[hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis]], [[Osler's Disease |Osler's disease]]


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
|-
{{MultiCol}}
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
* Acute/chronic [[Cystitis]]
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
* Acute intestinal [[nephritis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Diabetes mellitus]] [[Fabry disease]]
* [[Adenovirus]]
 
* After [[Endocarditis]]
|-
* Allergic [[Granulomatosis]]
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
* [[Alport's Syndrome]]
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
* Analgesic kidney
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Endometriosis]]
* [[Arteriosclerosis]]
 
* [[Balkan Nephropathy]]
|-
* [[Beeturia]]
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
* [[Benign familial hematuria]]
| '''Oncologic'''
* [[Berger's Disease]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Angiomyolipoma]], [[bladder cancer]], [[hypernephroma]], [[multiple myeloma]], [[polycythemia vera]], [[Prostate adenocarcinoma|prostate adenoma]], [[prostate cancer]], [[renal adenocarcinoma]], [[renal angiomyolipoma]], [[Arteriovenous malformations |renal arteriovenous malformation]], [[Transitional cell carcinoma|renal pelvis carcinoma]], [[Carcinoma|ureter carcinoma]], [[Carcinoma of urethra|urethra carcinoma]], [[urothelium carcinoma]], [[Wilms' tumor]]
* [[Bilharziosis]]
* Bladder infiltration
|-
* Bladder [[tuberculosis]]
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
* [[Calyx Diverticulum]]
| '''Opthalmologic'''
* [[Chemotherapeutics]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |
* Consumption coagulopathy
|-
* [[Crescentic glomerulonephritis]]
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
* Cystic kidneys
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
* [[Cytomegalovirus]] ([[CMV]])
| bgcolor="Beige" | 
* [[Dermatosclerosis]]
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
* [[Diabetes Mellitus]]
| '''Psychiatric'''
* Diabetic glomerulosclerosis/[[diabetic nephropathy]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |
* [[Drug]]s
|-
* [[ECHO viruses]] ('''E'''nteric '''C'''ytopathic '''H'''uman '''O'''rphan)
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
* [[E.coli]]
| '''Pulmonary'''
* [[Endometriosis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Allergic granulomatosis]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
* [[Fabry's Disease]]
* Factor lack
|-
* [[Filaria]]
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
* [[Fistula]]
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
* Focal glomerulotnephritis
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute cystitis]], [[acute interstitial nephritis]] [[Alport syndrome]], [[analgesic nephropathy]], [[Balkan nephropathy]], [[beeturia]] [[benign familial hematuria]], [[Berger's disease]], [[Calyx Diverticulum |calyx diverticulum]], [[cholesterol embolism]], [[chronic cystitis]], [[crescentic glomerulonephritis]], [[cystitis]], [[dense deposit disease]], [[Dent's disease]], [[diabetic glomerulosclerosis]], [[diabetic nephropathy]], [[Focal segmental glomerulonephritis|focal glomerulotnephritis]], [[glomerulonephritis]], [[glomerulopathy|fibronectin glomerulopathy]], [[hemolytic uremic syndrome]], [[Henoch schonlein purpura]], [[hydronephrosis]] [[hypernephroma]], [[IgA nephropathy]], [[Interstitial cystitis]], [[amyloidosis|kidney amyloidosis]], [[Loin pain hematuria syndrome]],[[lupus]], [[medullary sponge kidney]], [[membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis]], [[Glomerulonephritis |mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis type iii]]   [[nephrocalcinosis]], [[kidney stone|nephrolithiasis]], [[nutcracker syndrome]], [[papillary necrosis]], [[polycystic kidney disease]], [[postinfectious glomerulonephritis]], [[post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]], [[proteinuria]], [[pyelonephritis]], [[Nephropathy|radiation nephropathy]], [[renal adenocarcinoma]], [[renal angiomyolipoma]], [[Aneurysm|renal artery aneurysm]], [[renal cell carcinoma]], [[renal cyst]], [[Hyperplasia|renal hyperplasia]], [[renal infarct]], [[Metastases|renal metastases]], [[renal oncocytoma]], [[renal oncocytoma]], [[Transitional cell carcinoma|renal pelvis carcinoma]], [[trauma|renal trauma]], [[renal tuberculosis]], [[infarct|renal vein infarct]], [[renal vein thrombosis]], [[nephritis|shunt nephritis]], [[Medullary sponge kidney|sponge kidney]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[thin basement membrane disease]], [[tubulointerstitial nephropathies]], [[Acute urate nephropathy |urate nephropathy]],[[Carcinoma|ureter carcinoma]], [[Tuberculosis|ureter tuberculosis]], [[urinary tract infection]], [[Reflux nephropathy overview|vesico-ureteral-renal reflux]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]], [[Wilms' tumor]]
* Foods
   
* Foreign body in urethra
|-
* [[Goodpasture's Syndrome]]
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
* [[Heart failure]]
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
* Heavy exercise
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Allergic granulomatosis]], [[CD59|Cd59 antigen deficiency]], [[Cold agglutinins]], [[dermatosclerosis]], [[Henoch schonlein purpura]], [[microscopic polyangiitis]], [[polyarteritis nodosa]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]  
* [[Hemoglobinopathy]]
* [[Hemophilia]]
|-
* [[Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome]]
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
* [[Hemorrhage]] from bladder outlet
| '''Sexual'''
* [[Hemorrhage]] from urethra
| bgcolor="Beige" |
{{ColBreak}}
|-
* [[Hepatitis B]]
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
* [[Hydronephrosis]]
| '''Trauma'''
* [[Hypernephroma]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Pelvic fracture]]  
* [[Hypertension]]
 
* [[Inflammation]]
|-
* [[Influenza]]
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
* [[Injury]]
| '''Urologic'''
* Kidney [[Amyloidosis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acute prostatitis]], [[beeturia]], [[benign prostatic hyperplasia]], [[bladder cancer]], [[Tuberculosis overview|bladder tuberculosis]] [[Dent's disease]], [[Foreign body|foreign body in urethra]], [[Hemorrhage|hemorrhage from bladder outlet]], [[Hemorrhage|hemorrhage from urethra]] [[hydronephrosis]], [[interstitial cystitis]], [[Loin pain hematuria syndrome]], [[Bladder cancer|malignancies of the bladder]], [[Meatal stenosis|meatus stenosis]], [[megaureter]], [[polycystic kidney disease]], [[prostate adenocarcinoma|prostate adenoma]], [[prostate cancer]], [[Hyperplasia of the Prostate |prostate hyperplasia]], [[tuberculosis|prostate tuberculosis]], [[prostatectomy]], [[Post-radiation cystitis |radiation cystitis]], [[Carcinoma of urethra|urethra carcinoma]], [[Carbuncle|urethral carbuncle]], [[urethritis]], [[urinary stones]], [[urinary tract infection]], [[Urogential tuberculosis|urogential tuberculosis]], [[Bladder stone|urolithiasis]], [[urothelium carcinoma]]
* Kidney cell [[carcinoma]]
 
* Kidney [[tuberculosis]]
|-
* [[Legionella]] Infection
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
* [[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]]
| '''Miscellaneous'''
* Malignant [[Hypertension]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Dioctophyma renale]], [[exercise]], [[fistula]], [[Food|foods]], [[Inflammation]], [[infundibulopelvic dysgenesis]], [[Injury]], [[masturbation]] [[myoglobinuria]], [[toxins]], [[trauma]], [[tumor]], [[urethral catheterization]], [[urinary catheterization]]
* [[Masturbation]]
 
* [[Meatus Stenosis]]
|-
* [[Megaureter]]
|}
* [[Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis]]
 
* [[Metastases]]
===Causes in Alphabetical Order <ref name="pmid27261791">{{cite journal |vauthors=Avellino GJ, Bose S, Wang DS |title=Diagnosis and Management of Hematuria |journal=Surg. Clin. North Am. |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=503–15 |date=June 2016 |pmid=27261791 |doi=10.1016/j.suc.2016.02.007 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11554278">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sokolosky MC |title=Hematuria |journal=Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=621–32 |date=August 2001 |pmid=11554278 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27440856">{{cite journal |vauthors=Silverman JA, Patel K, Hotston M |title=Tuberculosis, a rare cause of haematuria |journal=BMJ Case Rep |volume=2016 |issue= |pages= |date=July 2016 |pmid=27440856 |doi=10.1136/bcr-2016-216428 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21445110">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ogunjimi MA, Adetayo FO, Tijani KH, Jeje EA, Ogo CN, Osegbe DN |title=Gross haematuria among adult Nigerians: current trend |journal=Niger Postgrad Med J |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=30–3 |date=March 2011 |pmid=21445110 |doi= |url=}}</ref>===
* [[Mononucleosis]]
{{columns-list|4|
* [[Multiple Myeloma]]
 
* [[Mycoplasma]]
*[[Acute cystitis]]
* [[Myoglobinuria]]
*[[Acute interstitial nephritis]]
* [[Nail-Patella Syndrome]]
*[[Acute prostatitis]]
* [[Neoplasm]]
*[[Adenovirus]]
* [[Nephrocalcinosis]]
*[[Endocarditis]]
* [[Nephrolithiasis]]
*[[Allergic granulomatosis]]
* [[Osler's Disease]]
*[[Alport syndrome]]
* [[Polyarteritis Nodosa]]
*[[Analgesic nephropathy]]
* [[Polycystic Kidney Disease]]
*[[Angiomyolipoma]]
* [[Polycythemia Vera]]
*[[Arteriosclerosis]]
* [[Porphyria]]
*[[Arteriovenous fistula]]
* [[Postinfectious glomerulonephritis]]
*[[Arteriovenous malformations]]
* [[Plasmodium]]
*[[Bacterial endocarditis]]
* Prostate [[adenoma]]
*[[Balkan nephropathy]]
* [[Prostate carcinoma]]
*[[Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Vaccine |Bcg vaccine]]
* Prostate [[hyperplasia]]
*[[Beeturia]]
* Prostate [[tuberculosis]]
*[[Benign familial hematuria]]
* [[Pseudomonas]]
*[[Berger's disease]]
* [[Pyelonephritis]]
*[[Bilharziosis]]
* Radiation nephropathy
*[[Bladder cancer]]
* Renal artery aneurysm
*[[Bladder stone]]
* [[Renal cyst]]
*[[Tuberculosis overview|Bladder tuberculosis]]
* Renal [[hyperplasia]]
*[[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]]
* Renal infarct
*[[Calyx Diverticulum |Calyx diverticulum]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Caspofungin acetate]]
* Renal pelvis carcinoma
*[[Caspofungin]]
* [[Renal Stones]]
*[[CD59|Cd59 antigen deficiency]]
* Renal trauma
*[[Chemotherapeutics]]
* Renal vein infarct
*[[Cholesterol embolism]]
* [[Renal Vein Thrombosis]]
*[[Chronic cystitis]]
* [[Salmonella]]
*[[Cobimetinib]]
* [[Sarcoidosis]]
*[[Cold agglutinins]]
* [[Schistosoma]]
*[[Consumption coagulopathy]]
* Schonlein-Henoch's Disease
*[[Crescentic glomerulonephritis]]
* [[Shock]]
*[[Cyclophosphamide]]
* Shunt nephritis
*[[Cystitis]]
* [[Sickle Cell Anemia]]
*[[Cytomegalovirus overview|Cytomegalovirus]]
* Sponge kidney
*[[Dengue]]
* [[Staphylococci]]
*[[Dense deposit disease]]
* [[Streptococci]]
*[[Dent's disease]]
* [[Thalassemia]]
*[[Dermatosclerosis]]
* [[Thin Basement Membrane Disease]]  
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]
* Thrombocytopathies
*[[Diabetic glomerulosclerosis]]
* [[Thrombocytopenia]]
*[[Diabetic nephropathy]]
* [[Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura]]
*[[Dicoumarol]]
* [[Toxin]]s
*[[Dioctophyma renale]]
* [[Toxoplasma]]
*[[E.coli]]
* [[Trauma]]
*[[ECHO viruses]]
* Traumatic kidney lesion
*[[Endometriosis]]
* [[Trichinella Spiralis]]
*[[Exercise]]
* [[Tubulointerstitial nephropathies]], [[nephritis]]
*[[Fabry disease]]
* [[Tumor]]
*[[Febuxostat]]
* [[Urate]] [[nephropathy]]
*[[Glomerulopathy|Fibronectin glomerulopathy]]
* [[Ureter]] [[carcinoma]]
*[[Filaria]]
* [[Ureter]] [[tuberculosis]]
*[[Fistula]]
* [[Urethra]] [[carcinoma]]
*[[Focal segmental glomerulonephritis|Focal glomerulotnephritis]]
* [[Urethral]] [[carbuncle]]
*[[Food|Foods]]
* [[Urethral]] valves
*[[Foreign body|Foreign body in urethra]]
* [[Urethritis]]
*[[Gemcitabine]]
* Urethrolithiasis
*[[Glomerulonephritis]]
* Urogential tuberculosis
*[[Haemophilia type A ]]
* [[Urolithiasis]]
*[[HANAC syndrome ]]
* [[Urothelium]] [[carcinoma]]
*[[Heart failure]]
* [[Varicella]]
*[[Exercise|Heavy exercise]]
* Vesical calculi
*[[Hemoglobinopathy]]
* Vesico-ureteral-renal reflux
*[[Hemolytic uremic syndrome]]
* [[Warfarin]] therapy (overdose)
*[[Hemophilia]]
* [[Wegener's Granulomatosis]]
*[[Hemorrhage|Hemorrhage from bladder outlet]]
* [[Wilms' Tumor]]
*[[Hemorrhage|Hemorrhage from urethra]]
{{EndMultiCol}}
*[[Henoch schonlein purpura]]
*[[Hepatitis B]]
*[[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis]]
*[[Hydronephrosis]]
*[[Hypernephroma]]
*[[Hypertension]]
*[[Ifosfamide]]
*[[IgA nephropathy]]
*[[Inflammation]]
*[[Influenza]]
*[[dysgenesis|Infundibulopelvic dysgenesis]]
*[[Injury]]
*[[Interstitial cystitis]]
*[[Interstitial nephritis|Interstitial renal diseases]]
*[[amyloidosis|Kidney amyloidosis]]
*[[Nephrolithiasis|Kidney stones]]
*[[Legionella infection]]
*[[Legionella pneumophila]]
*[[Loin pain hematuria syndrome]]
*[[Malaria]]
*[[Bladder cancer|Malignancies of the bladder]]
*[[Malignant hypertension]]
*[[Haemoglobinuria |March haemoglobinuria]]
*[[Masturbation]]
*[[Meatal stenosis|Meatus stenosis]]
*[[Medullary sponge kidney]]
*[[Megaureter]]
*[[Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis]]
*[[Glomerulonephritis |Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis type iii]]
*[[Metastases]]
*[[Micafungin]]
*[[Microscopic polyangiitis]]
*[[Mononucleosis]]
*[[Multiple myeloma]]
*[[Mycoplasma]]
*[[Myoglobinuria]]
*[[Nail-patella syndrome]]
*[[Neoplasm]]
*[[Nephritis]]
*[[Nephrocalcinosis]]
*[[Kidney stone|Nephrolithiasis type 1]]
*[[Dent's disease|Nephrolithiasis type 2]]
*[[Kidney stone|Nephrolithiasis]]
*[[Nutcracker syndrome]]
*[[Osler's Disease |Osler's disease]]
*[[Oxaprozin]]
*[[Oxcarbazepine]]
*[[Papillary necrosis]]
*[[Donath-Landsteiner syndrome|Paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria]]
*[[Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria]]
*[[Pelvic fracture]]
*[[Phenprocoumon]]
*[[Plasmodium]]
*[[Polyarteritis nodosa]]
*[[Polycystic kidney disease]]
*[[Polycythemia vera]]
*[[Porphyria]]
*[[Postinfectious glomerulonephritis]]
*[[Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]]
*[[Pramipexole]]
*[[Prostate adenocarcinoma|Prostate adenoma]]
*[[Prostate cancer]]
*[[Hyperplasia of the Prostate |Prostate hyperplasia]]
*[[tuberculosis|Prostate tuberculosis]]
*[[Prostatectomy]]
*[[Prostatitis]]
*[[Proteinuria]]
*[[Pseudomonas]]
*[[Pyelonephritis, acute]]
*[[Pyelonephritis]]
*[[Post-radiation cystitis |Radiation cystitis]]
*[[Nephropathy|Radiation nephropathy]]
*[[Renal adenocarcinoma]]
*[[Renal angiomyolipoma]]
*[[Arteriovenous malformations |Renal arteriovenous malformation]]
*[[Aneurysm|Renal artery aneurysm]]
*[[Renal cell carcinoma]]
*[[Renal cyst]]
*[[Hyperplasia|Renal hyperplasia]]
*[[Renal infarct]]
*[[Metastases|Renal metastases]]
*[[Renal oncocytoma]]
*[[Transitional cell carcinoma|Renal pelvis carcinoma]]
*[[Renal stones]]
*[[trauma|Renal trauma]]
*[[Renal tuberculosis]]
*[[Renal vein thrombosis]]
*[[Salmonella]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]
*[[Schistosoma]]
*[[Schistosomiasis]]
*[[Henoch schonlein purpura|Schonlein-henoch's disease]]
*[[Shock]]
*[[Shunt nephritis]]
*[[Sickle cell anemia]]
*[[Sickle cell disease]]
*[[Medullary sponge kidney|Sponge kidney]]
*[[Staphylococci]]
*[[Streptococci]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Thalassemia]]
*[[Thin basement membrane disease]]
*[[Platelet|Thrombocytopathies]]
*[[Thrombocytopenia]]
*[[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
*[[Tiaprofenic acid]]
*[[Torulopsis]]
*[[Toxins]]
*[[Toxoplasma]]
*[[Transient unexplained]]
*[[Trauma]]
*[[Trichinella spiralis]]
*[[tuberculosis]]
*[[Tubulointerstitial nephropathies]]
*[[Tumor]]
*[[Acute urate nephropathy |Urate nephropathy]]
*[[Carcinoma|Ureter carcinoma]]
*[[Tuberculosis|Ureter tuberculosis]]
*[[Carcinoma of urethra|Urethra carcinoma]]
*[[Urethral cancer]]
*[[Carbuncle|Urethral carbuncle]]
*[[Urethral caruncle]]
*[[Urethral catheterization]]
*[[Posterior urethral valves|Urethral valves]]
*[[Urethritis]]
*[[Kidney stones |Ureterolithiasis]]
*[[Urinary catheterization]]
*[[urinary stones]]
*[[urinary tract infections]]
*[[Urogential tuberculosis|Urogential tuberculosis]]
*[[Bladder stone|Urolithiasis]]
*[[Urothelium carcinoma]]
*[[Varicella]]
*[[Vasculitis]]
*[[Bladder stone|Vesical calculi]]
*[[Reflux nephropathy overview|Vesico-ureteral-renal reflux]]
*[[Warfarin]]
*[[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
*[[Wilms' tumor]]
}}
 
== Causes of Microscopic Hematuria ==


=== Causes by Anatomic Location ===
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==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Blood tests]]
[[Category:Urine tests]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Urology]]
[[Category:Urology]]
[[Category:Urologic Disease]]
[[Category:Urologic Disease]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
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Latest revision as of 15:01, 21 July 2021

Hematuria Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D. Kiran Singh, M.D. [2] Venkata Sivakrishna Kumar Pulivarthi M.B.B.S [3]

Overview

Causes of hematuria can range from benign conditions such as urinary tract infection to serious conditions such as bladder cancer.[1] Extrarenal site is responsible for more than 60% of cases of hematuria. Of these, the most important underlying disease is malignancy. In the primary care population, about 5% of patients with microscopic hematuria will have a urinary tract malignancy, mainly of the bladder or prostate. The most common nonmalignant causes of extrarenal hematuria are infections, such as cystitis, prostatitis, and urethritis.Regarding renal causes of microscopic hematuria, the most common cause of isolated glomerular hematuria (without significant proteinuria) is IgA nephropathy, followed by thin basement membrane disease, hereditary nephritis (Alport syndrome), and mild focal glomerulonephritis of other causes.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Common Causes

Children[2] Age <50 years[3] Age >50 years[3]

Causes by Organ System [4] [5] [6]

Cardiovascular Arteriosclerosis, arteriovenous malformations, endocarditis, cholesterol embolism, heart failure, hypertension, malignant hypertension, shock
Chemical / poisoning
Dermatologic Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis, lupus, Osler's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, urethral carbuncle
Drug Side Effect Artemether and lumefantrin, beractant, BCG vaccine, bicalutamide, caspofungin acetate, cefpodoxime, cobimetinib, cyclophosphamide,dicoumarol, ethacrynic acid, febuxostat, felbamate, flurbiprofen, gemcitabine, goserelin, hexaminolevulinate, Ibrutinib, Indinavir, Ifosfamide, Ioxilan, leuprolide, methenamine, micafungin, mitotane, olsalazine, Oxcarbazepine, Oxaprozin penicillamine, phenprocoumon, Pramipexole, probenecid, sodium aurothiomalate, sulfasalazine, tiagabine, tolmetin, tiaprofenic acid, warfarin
Ear Nose Throat Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis, mononucleosis, Osler's disease
Endocrine Diabetes mellitus, diabetic glomerulosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, porphyria
Environmental
Gastroenterologic Hepatitis B, porphyria
Genetic Alport syndrome, Berger's disease, Fabry disease, Dent's disease, hemoglobinopathy, hemophilia, IgA nephropathy nail-patella syndrome, Nephrolithiasis type 2Osler's disease, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, polycystic kidney disease, thalassemia,renal arteriovenous malformation, thalassemia
Hematologic Cold agglutinins, March haemoglobinuria, hemoglobinopathy, hemophilia, hemolytic uremic syndrome, Henoch schonlein purpura, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis, multiple myeloma, paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, polycythemia vera, porphyria, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, thrombocytopeniathrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Iatrogenic
Infectious Disease Acute cystitis, acute interstitial nephritis, acute prostatitis, adenovirus, bilharziosis, bladder tuberculosis, chronic cystitis, cystitis, cytomegalovirus, dengue, Dent's disease, E.coli, ECHO viruses endocarditis, filaria, hepatitis B, Influenza, legionella infection, legionella pneumophila, malaria, micafungin mononucleosis, mycoplasma, nephritis, postinfectious glomerulonephritis, prostate tuberculosis, prostatitis pyelonephritis, radiation cystitis, renal tuberculosis, salmonellaschistosomiasis, toxoplasma, trichinella spiralis, tuberculosis, urethritis, vasculitis, pseudomonas, renal tuberculosis, salmonella, schistosomiasis, torulopsis, toxoplasma, trichinella spiralis, tuberculosis, ureter tuberculosis, urethritis, urinary tract infection. urogential tuberculosis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Pelvic fracture
Neurologic Arteriosclerosis, arteriovenous malformations, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis, Osler's disease
Nutritional / Metabolic Diabetes mellitus Fabry disease
Obstetric/Gynecologic Endometriosis
Oncologic Angiomyolipoma, bladder cancer, hypernephroma, multiple myeloma, polycythemia vera, prostate adenoma, prostate cancer, renal adenocarcinoma, renal angiomyolipoma, renal arteriovenous malformation, renal pelvis carcinoma, ureter carcinoma, urethra carcinoma, urothelium carcinoma, Wilms' tumor
Opthalmologic
Overdose / Toxicity
Psychiatric
Pulmonary Allergic granulomatosis, sarcoidosis, Wegener's granulomatosis
Renal / Electrolyte Acute cystitis, acute interstitial nephritis Alport syndrome, analgesic nephropathy, Balkan nephropathy, beeturia benign familial hematuria, Berger's disease, calyx diverticulum, cholesterol embolism, chronic cystitis, crescentic glomerulonephritis, cystitis, dense deposit disease, Dent's disease, diabetic glomerulosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, focal glomerulotnephritis, glomerulonephritis, fibronectin glomerulopathy, hemolytic uremic syndrome, Henoch schonlein purpura, hydronephrosis hypernephroma, IgA nephropathy, Interstitial cystitis, kidney amyloidosis, Loin pain hematuria syndrome,lupus, medullary sponge kidney, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis type iii nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, nutcracker syndrome, papillary necrosis, polycystic kidney disease, postinfectious glomerulonephritis, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, proteinuria, pyelonephritis, radiation nephropathy, renal adenocarcinoma, renal angiomyolipoma, renal artery aneurysm, renal cell carcinoma, renal cyst, renal hyperplasia, renal infarct, renal metastases, renal oncocytoma, renal oncocytoma, renal pelvis carcinoma, renal trauma, renal tuberculosis, renal vein infarct, renal vein thrombosis, shunt nephritis, sponge kidney, systemic lupus erythematosus, thin basement membrane disease, tubulointerstitial nephropathies, urate nephropathy,ureter carcinoma, ureter tuberculosis, urinary tract infection, vesico-ureteral-renal reflux, Wegener's granulomatosis, Wilms' tumor
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Allergic granulomatosis, Cd59 antigen deficiency, Cold agglutinins, dermatosclerosis, Henoch schonlein purpura, microscopic polyangiitis, polyarteritis nodosa, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Wegener's granulomatosis
Sexual
Trauma Pelvic fracture
Urologic Acute prostatitis, beeturia, benign prostatic hyperplasia, bladder cancer, bladder tuberculosis Dent's disease, foreign body in urethra, hemorrhage from bladder outlet, hemorrhage from urethra hydronephrosis, interstitial cystitis, Loin pain hematuria syndrome, malignancies of the bladder, meatus stenosis, megaureter, polycystic kidney disease, prostate adenoma, prostate cancer, prostate hyperplasia, prostate tuberculosis, prostatectomy, radiation cystitis, urethra carcinoma, urethral carbuncle, urethritis, urinary stones, urinary tract infection, urogential tuberculosis, urolithiasis, urothelium carcinoma
Miscellaneous Dioctophyma renale, exercise, fistula, foods, Inflammation, infundibulopelvic dysgenesis, Injury, masturbation myoglobinuria, toxins, trauma, tumor, urethral catheterization, urinary catheterization

Causes in Alphabetical Order [7][8][9][10]

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Causes of Microscopic Hematuria

Causes by Anatomic Location

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References

  1. ↑ Rew, Karl (2010). Primary care urology. Philadelphia, Pa. London: Saunders. ISBN 978-1437724899.
  2. ↑ Amin, Nimisha; Zaritsky, Joshua J. (2011). "Hematuria": 258–261. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-05405-8.00069-3.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "www.surgeryjournal.co.uk".
  4. ↑ Varma PP, Sengupta P, Nair RK (June 2014). "Post exertional hematuria". Ren Fail. 36 (5): 701–3. doi:10.3109/0886022X.2014.890011. PMID 24865509.
  5. ↑ Fiore DC, Fox CL (January 2014). "Urology and nephrology update: proteinuria and hematuria". FP Essent. 416: 11–21. PMID 24432706.
  6. ↑ Hotta M (July 2014). "[Diagnosis of hematuria from red blood cells in urinary sediment]". Rinsho Byori (in Japanese). 62 (7): 674–83. PMID 25669037.
  7. ↑ Avellino GJ, Bose S, Wang DS (June 2016). "Diagnosis and Management of Hematuria". Surg. Clin. North Am. 96 (3): 503–15. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2016.02.007. PMID 27261791.
  8. ↑ Sokolosky MC (August 2001). "Hematuria". Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. 19 (3): 621–32. PMID 11554278.
  9. ↑ Silverman JA, Patel K, Hotston M (July 2016). "Tuberculosis, a rare cause of haematuria". BMJ Case Rep. 2016. doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-216428. PMID 27440856.
  10. ↑ Ogunjimi MA, Adetayo FO, Tijani KH, Jeje EA, Ogo CN, Osegbe DN (March 2011). "Gross haematuria among adult Nigerians: current trend". Niger Postgrad Med J. 18 (1): 30–3. PMID 21445110.

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