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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Amnesia}} | {{Amnesia}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{ | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{ZMalik}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Treatment can be offered in cases of reversible conditions. If not, provision of supportive care can help to improve a | [[Treatment]] can be offered in cases of reversible conditions. If not, provision of supportive care can help to improve a [[patient's]] condition. [[Etiology]] specific [[treatment]] plan should be followed to improve [[memory]] and delay [[progression]]. | ||
==Medical Therapy== | ==Medical Therapy== | ||
Memory loss can't be treated unless it is caused by a reversible condition. The treatment is greatly dependent on the primary | *[[Memory]] loss can't be treated unless it is caused by a reversible condition. | ||
*The [[treatment]] is greatly dependent on the primary [[etiology]]. | |||
*When [[memory]] loss is a [[symptom]] of a more severe [[disease]], it may be reversed as soon as the underlying condition is identified and cured. | |||
*[[Memory]] loss due to [[aging]] cannot be cured, but the symptoms may be improved by [[preventative]] measures.<ref name="pmid22013901">{{cite journal| author=Mendelsohn AR, Larrick JW| title=Reversing age-related decline in working memory. | journal=Rejuvenation Res | year= 2011 | volume= 14 | issue= 5 | pages= 557-9 | pmid=22013901 | doi=10.1089/rej.2011.1247 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22013901 }} </ref> | |||
*Family support plays an important role in treating [[memory]] loss. | |||
*Family members are usually encouraged to take special orientation classes on how to cope with their sick relatives and how to help them improve their condition.<ref name="pmid19689239">{{cite journal| author=Austrom MG, Lu Y| title=Long term caregiving: helping families of persons with mild cognitive impairment cope. | journal=Curr Alzheimer Res | year= 2009 | volume= 6 | issue= 4 | pages= 392-8 | pmid=19689239 | doi=10.2174/156720509788929291 | pmc=2862360 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19689239 }} </ref> | |||
*'''[[Post-traumatic Amnesia]]''':<ref name="pmid22865461">{{cite journal| author=Wortzel HS, Arciniegas DB| title=Treatment of post-traumatic cognitive impairments. | journal=Curr Treat Options Neurol | year= 2012 | volume= 14 | issue= 5 | pages= 493-508 | pmid=22865461 | doi=10.1007/s11940-012-0193-6 | pmc=3437653 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22865461 }} </ref> | |||
**Supportive: Environmental and lifestyle modifications, [[cognitive]] [[rehabilitation]]. | |||
**[[Pharmacological]]: In early post-[[trauma]] stage, [[drugs]] that [[stimulate]] [[cerebral]] [[acetyl cholinergic]] functions may be used to improve [[memory]]. In late stages [[drugs]] with [[cerebral]] [[catecholaminergic]] function may be beneficial to improve attention, information processing speed and time, and decrease development of [[depression]] and [[apathy]]. | |||
*'''Dissociative Amnesia''': | |||
**[[Psychotherapy]]: [[Cognitive-behavioral therapy]], [[dialectic-behavior therapy]], relaxation techniques. | |||
**[[Medications]]: [[Antidepressants]], [[anti-anxiety]] or [[antipsychotic]] [[drugs]] are used to treat the mental [[symptoms]] associated with [[dissociative amnesia]]. | |||
*'''[[Childhood Amnesia]]''': Methods used from retrieval of episodic memory lost: | |||
**Cued recall: [[Patients]] are prompted to recall memories co-relating to the cue word.<ref name="pmid23937179">{{cite journal| author=Bauer PJ, Larkina M| title=Childhood amnesia in the making: different distributions of autobiographical memories in children and adults. | journal=J Exp Psychol Gen | year= 2014 | volume= 143 | issue= 2 | pages= 597-611 | pmid=23937179 | doi=10.1037/a0033307 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23937179 }} </ref> | |||
**Free recall: Patient is free to recall memories in any order. | |||
**Exhaustive recall: Memory recall of all the incidents prior to a specific age without using a cue.<ref name="pmid17654279">{{cite journal| author=Jack F, Hayne H| title=Eliciting adults' earliest memories: does it matter how we ask the question? | journal=Memory | year= 2007 | volume= 15 | issue= 6 | pages= 647-63 | pmid=17654279 | doi=10.1080/09658210701467087 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17654279 }} </ref> | |||
*'''Drug Induced Amnesia''': | |||
**It is reversed once the drug administration stops. Although, some memory right after onset of memory loss due to drug intake could be permanently lost but the rest of the memory is regained.<ref> Sadock, Benjamin J., and Virginia A. Sadock. Kaplan & Sadock's concise textbook of clinical psychiatry. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008. Print</ref> | |||
*'''Korsakoff's syndrome''': | |||
**[[Thiamine]] replacement: IV 500 mg- 1500 mg, thrice a daily 3 days at the minimum. | |||
**[[Electrolyte]] and [[fluid]] replacement. [[Magnesium]] and [[glucose]] administration is crucial, if deficient.<ref name="pmid22104258">{{cite journal| author=Schabelman E, Kuo D| title=Glucose before thiamine for Wernicke encephalopathy: a literature review. | journal=J Emerg Med | year= 2012 | volume= 42 | issue= 4 | pages= 488-94 | pmid=22104258 | doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2011.05.076 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22104258 }} </ref> | |||
**[[Memory]] [[rehabilitation]]<ref name="pmid26047664">{{cite journal| author=Oudman E, Nijboer TC, Postma A, Wijnia JW, Van der Stigchel S| title=Procedural Learning and Memory Rehabilitation in Korsakoff's Syndrome - a Review of the Literature. | journal=Neuropsychol Rev | year= 2015 | volume= 25 | issue= 2 | pages= 134-48 | pmid=26047664 | doi=10.1007/s11065-015-9288-7 | pmc=4464729 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26047664 }} </ref> | |||
*'''Alzheimers Disease''':<ref name="pmid27547756">{{cite journal| author=Mendiola-Precoma J, Berumen LC, Padilla K, Garcia-Alcocer G| title=Therapies for Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. | journal=Biomed Res Int | year= 2016 | volume= 2016 | issue= | pages= 2589276 | pmid=27547756 | doi=10.1155/2016/2589276 | pmc=4980501 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27547756 }} </ref> | |||
**[[Cholinesterase inhibitors]] and [[memantine]] are commonly used to improve [[cognitive]] [[symptoms]]. | |||
*'''Epileptic Amnesia''' | |||
**Usually resolves with [[anti-epileptic]] [[medications]].<ref name="pmid21262589">{{cite journal| author=Walsh RD, Wharen RE, Tatum WO| title=Complex transient epileptic amnesia. | journal=Epilepsy Behav | year= 2011 | volume= 20 | issue= 2 | pages= 410-3 | pmid=21262589 | doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.12.026 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21262589 }} </ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
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[[Category:Mature chapter]] | [[Category:Mature chapter]] | ||
[[Category:Memory disorders]] | [[Category:Memory disorders]] | ||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
Latest revision as of 02:18, 25 March 2021
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Zehra Malik, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
Treatment can be offered in cases of reversible conditions. If not, provision of supportive care can help to improve a patient's condition. Etiology specific treatment plan should be followed to improve memory and delay progression.
Medical Therapy
- Memory loss can't be treated unless it is caused by a reversible condition.
- The treatment is greatly dependent on the primary etiology.
- When memory loss is a symptom of a more severe disease, it may be reversed as soon as the underlying condition is identified and cured.
- Memory loss due to aging cannot be cured, but the symptoms may be improved by preventative measures.[1]
- Family support plays an important role in treating memory loss.
- Family members are usually encouraged to take special orientation classes on how to cope with their sick relatives and how to help them improve their condition.[2]
- Post-traumatic Amnesia:[3]
- Supportive: Environmental and lifestyle modifications, cognitive rehabilitation.
- Pharmacological: In early post-trauma stage, drugs that stimulate cerebral acetyl cholinergic functions may be used to improve memory. In late stages drugs with cerebral catecholaminergic function may be beneficial to improve attention, information processing speed and time, and decrease development of depression and apathy.
- Dissociative Amnesia:
- Psychotherapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy, dialectic-behavior therapy, relaxation techniques.
- Medications: Antidepressants, anti-anxiety or antipsychotic drugs are used to treat the mental symptoms associated with dissociative amnesia.
- Childhood Amnesia: Methods used from retrieval of episodic memory lost:
- Drug Induced Amnesia:
- It is reversed once the drug administration stops. Although, some memory right after onset of memory loss due to drug intake could be permanently lost but the rest of the memory is regained.[6]
- Korsakoff's syndrome:
- Thiamine replacement: IV 500 mg- 1500 mg, thrice a daily 3 days at the minimum.
- Electrolyte and fluid replacement. Magnesium and glucose administration is crucial, if deficient.[7]
- Memory rehabilitation[8]
- Alzheimers Disease:[9]
- Cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine are commonly used to improve cognitive symptoms.
- Epileptic Amnesia
- Usually resolves with anti-epileptic medications.[10]
References
- ↑ Mendelsohn AR, Larrick JW (2011). "Reversing age-related decline in working memory". Rejuvenation Res. 14 (5): 557–9. doi:10.1089/rej.2011.1247. PMID 22013901.
- ↑ Austrom MG, Lu Y (2009). "Long term caregiving: helping families of persons with mild cognitive impairment cope". Curr Alzheimer Res. 6 (4): 392–8. doi:10.2174/156720509788929291. PMC 2862360. PMID 19689239.
- ↑ Wortzel HS, Arciniegas DB (2012). "Treatment of post-traumatic cognitive impairments". Curr Treat Options Neurol. 14 (5): 493–508. doi:10.1007/s11940-012-0193-6. PMC 3437653. PMID 22865461.
- ↑ Bauer PJ, Larkina M (2014). "Childhood amnesia in the making: different distributions of autobiographical memories in children and adults". J Exp Psychol Gen. 143 (2): 597–611. doi:10.1037/a0033307. PMID 23937179.
- ↑ Jack F, Hayne H (2007). "Eliciting adults' earliest memories: does it matter how we ask the question?". Memory. 15 (6): 647–63. doi:10.1080/09658210701467087. PMID 17654279.
- ↑ Sadock, Benjamin J., and Virginia A. Sadock. Kaplan & Sadock's concise textbook of clinical psychiatry. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008. Print
- ↑ Schabelman E, Kuo D (2012). "Glucose before thiamine for Wernicke encephalopathy: a literature review". J Emerg Med. 42 (4): 488–94. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2011.05.076. PMID 22104258.
- ↑ Oudman E, Nijboer TC, Postma A, Wijnia JW, Van der Stigchel S (2015). "Procedural Learning and Memory Rehabilitation in Korsakoff's Syndrome - a Review of the Literature". Neuropsychol Rev. 25 (2): 134–48. doi:10.1007/s11065-015-9288-7. PMC 4464729. PMID 26047664.
- ↑ Mendiola-Precoma J, Berumen LC, Padilla K, Garcia-Alcocer G (2016). "Therapies for Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease". Biomed Res Int. 2016: 2589276. doi:10.1155/2016/2589276. PMC 4980501. PMID 27547756.
- ↑ Walsh RD, Wharen RE, Tatum WO (2011). "Complex transient epileptic amnesia". Epilepsy Behav. 20 (2): 410–3. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.12.026. PMID 21262589.