Mental retardation causes: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 03:11, 20 July 2021

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chelsea Mae Nobleza, M.D.[2]

Overview

Possible causes for intellectual disability can be divided into genetic causes and environmental factors.

Causes

In less than 50% of individuals with mild ID, a specific cause is identified, and it increases to 75% in those with severe ID. ^[1]

Genetics

Down syndrome (Trisomy 21) is the most common genetic cause of ID, while Fragile X is the most common inherited cause of ID. ^[1]

Environmental Factors

Alcohol exposure during pregnancy, lead and other heavy metals, iodine deficiency, brain infections, congenital rubella syndrome, and cytomegalovirus infections, as well as hypoxic-ischemic injury, and periventricular hemorrhages all cause brain injury resulting in disability. ^[2]

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Moeschler, J. B.; Shevell, M. (2014). "Comprehensive Evaluation of the Child With Intellectual Disability or Global Developmental Delays". PEDIATRICS. 134 (3): e903–e918. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-1839. ISSN 0031-4005.
↑ "Intellectual Disability and Mental Health Problems : Evaluation of Two Clinical Assessment Instruments, Occurrence of Mental Health Problems and Psychiatric Care Utilisation".

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[MoeschlerShevell2014-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Moeschler, J. B.; Shevell, M. (2014). "Comprehensive Evaluation of the Child With Intellectual Disability or Global Developmental Delays". PEDIATRICS. 134 (3): e903–e918. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-1839. ISSN 0031-4005.

[2] "Intellectual Disability and Mental Health Problems : Evaluation of Two Clinical Assessment Instruments, Occurrence of Mental Health Problems and Psychiatric Care Utilisation".

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
 {{Mental retardation}}
+{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Chelsea}}
-{{CMG}}
+==Overview==
+Possible [[causes]] for intellectual disability can be divided into [[genetic]] causes and [[environmental]] factors.
-== Causes ==
-[[Down syndrome]], [[fetal alcohol syndrome]] and [[Fragile X syndrome]] are the three most common inborn causes. However, doctors have found many other causes. The most common are:
+==Causes==
+In less than 50% of individuals with [[mild]] ID, a specific cause is identified, and it increases to 75% in those with [[severe]] ID. <ref name="MoeschlerShevell2014">{{cite journal|last1=Moeschler|first1=J. B.|last2=Shevell|first2=M.|title=Comprehensive Evaluation of the Child With Intellectual Disability or Global Developmental Delays|journal=PEDIATRICS|volume=134|issue=3|year=2014|pages=e903–e918|issn=0031-4005|doi=10.1542/peds.2014-1839}}</ref>
+===Genetics===
+[[Down syndrome]] [[(Trisomy 21)]] is the most common [[genetic]] [[cause]] of ID, while [[Fragile X]] is the most common [[inherited]] [[cause]] of ID.
+<ref name="MoeschlerShevell2014">{{cite journal|last1=Moeschler|first1=J. B.|last2=Shevell|first2=M.|title=Comprehensive Evaluation of the Child With Intellectual Disability or Global Developmental Delays|journal=PEDIATRICS|volume=134|issue=3|year=2014|pages=e903–e918|issn=0031-4005|doi=10.1542/peds.2014-1839}}</ref>
-* Genetic conditions. Sometimes disability is caused by abnormal genes inherited from parents, errors when genes combine, or other reasons. Examples of genetic conditions include [[Down syndrome]], [[Fragile X syndrome]], [[22q13 deletion syndrome|Phelan-McDermid syndrome (22q13del)]], [[Mowat-Wilson syndrome]] and [[phenylketonuria]] (PKU).
+===Environmental Factors===
-* Problems during pregnancy. Mental disability can result when the [[fetus]] does not develop inside the mother properly. For example, there may be a problem with the way the fetus's cells divide as it grows. A woman who drinks alcohol (see [[fetal alcohol syndrome]]) or gets an infection like [[rubella]] during pregnancy may also have a baby with mental disability.
+[[Alcohol]] [[exposure]] during [[pregnancy]], [[lead]] and other [[heavy metals]], [[iodine deficiency]], [[brain infections]], [[congenital rubella syndrome]], and [[cytomegalovirus infections]], as well as [[hypoxic-ischemic injury]], and [[periventricular hemorrhages]] all cause [[brain injury]] resulting in [[disability]]. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A163146&dswid=-7424 |title=Intellectual Disability and Mental Health Problems : Evaluation of Two Clinical Assessment Instruments, Occurrence of Mental Health Problems and Psychiatric Care Utilisation |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
-* Problems at birth. If a baby has problems during labor and birth, such as not getting enough oxygen, he or she may have developmental disability due to brain damage.
-* Health problems. Diseases like [[whooping cough]],  [[measles]], or [[meningitis]] can cause mental disability. It can also be caused by not getting enough medical care, or by being exposed to [[poison]]s like [[lead]] or [[Mercury (element)|mercury]].
-* [[Iodine deficiency]], affecting approximately 2 billion people worldwide, is the leading preventable cause of mental disability in areas of the developing world where iodine deficiency is endemic. Iodine deficiency also causes [[goitre|goiter]], an enlargement of the [[thyroid gland]]. More common than full-fledged [[cretinism]], as retardation caused by severe iodine deficiency is called, is mild impairment of intelligence. Certain areas of the world due to natural deficiency and governmental inaction are severely affected. [[India]] is the most outstanding, with 500 million suffering from deficiency, 54 million from goiter, and 2 million from cretinism. Among other nations affected by iodine deficiency, [[Peoples Republic of China|China]] and [[Kazakhstan]] have begun taking action, while [[Russia]] has not. <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/16/health/16iodine.html "In Raising the World’s I.Q., the Secret’s in the Salt"], article by Donald G. McNeil, Jr., December 16, 2006, ''[[New York Times]]''</ref>
-* [[Malnutrition]] is a common cause of reduced intelligence in parts of the world affected by [[famine]], such as [[Ethiopia]]. <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/28/world/africa/28malnutrition.html "Malnutrition Is Cheating Its Survivors, and Africa’s Future"] article in the [[New York Times]] by Michael Wines, December 28, 2006</ref>
-* The use of [[forceps]] during birth can <!-- often --> lead to mental retardation in an otherwise normal child.  They can fracture the skull and cause brain damage.
-* [[Institutionalisation]] at a young age can cause mental retardation in normal children.
-* [[Sensory deprivation]] in the form of severe environmental restrictions (such as being locked in a basement or under a staircase), prolonged isolation, or severe atypical parent-child interactions.
-* Psycho-social disadvantage.  Contributing factors are lack of reading material, use of a language not common in that community, poor diet, poor health practices, and poor housing.
 == References ==
@@ Line 27: / Line 22: @@
 {{WS}}
-[[Category:primary care]]
 [[Category:Psychiatry]]
-[[Category:Disability]]
+[[Category:Neurology]]