Oliguria causes: Difference between revisions

	Oliguria Microchapters
Home
Patient Information
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Oliguria from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
CT
Endoscopy
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Surgery
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy
Future or Investigational Therapies
Case Studies
Case #1
Oliguria causes On the Web
Most recent articles
Most cited articles
Review articles
CME Programs
Powerpoint slides
Images
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Oliguria causes All Images X-rays Echo & Ultrasound CT Images MRI
Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse
NICE Guidance
FDA on Oliguria causes
CDC on Oliguria causes
Oliguria causes in the news
Blogs on Oliguria causes
Directions to Hospitals Treating Oliguria
Risk calculators and risk factors for Oliguria causes

VisualWikitext

Latest revision as of 15:46, 12 February 2015

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Mugilan Poongkunran M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

Oliguria is the low output of urine below 300-500ml/day. The decreased output of urine may be causes by dehydration, renal failure, hypovolemic shock, hyperosmolar nonketotic coma, urinary retention, DKA, preeclampsia, and urinary tract infections among other conditions.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Accelerated hypertension, acute systemic inflammation after myocardial infarction, aneurysmal rupture, aortic valve ring and critical aortic stenosis, atheroemboli, bleeding, bradyarrhythmias , capillary leak, cardiogenic shock, cholesterol embolism, complete heart block, congenital heart disease, dilated cardiomyopathies, heart failure, heat stroke, hypovolemic shock, malignant hypertension, myocardial stunning, cardiac tamponade, pre-eclampsia, renal artery stenosis, severe constrictive pericarditis, superior mesenteric artery occlusion, vasculitis
Chemical/Poisoning	Camphor, carbon monoxide
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	Anaphylaxis and anaphylactoid reactions, erythroderma, sweating
Drug Side Effect	ACE inhibitors, Aldesleukin, amatoxins, aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, analgesic nephropathy, anthracyclines, arsenic trioxide, bacitracin, bendamustine, bleomycin, capecitabine, capreomycin, carbon tetrachloride, carboplatin, carmustine, cidofovir, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, cytarabine, deferasirox, etoposide, exenatide, fluconazole, fludarabine, cladribine, gallium, gemcitabine, gyromitrin, hetastarch, hydroxyurea, ifosfamide, immune globulin intravenous injection, irinotecan, lenalidomide, Lincomycin Hydrochloride, lomustine, malignant hyperpyrexia following anesthesia, mannitol, melphalan, methotrexate, micafungin, mithramycin, Nabilone, nitrosourea compounds, NSAIDs , orellanine, oxaliplatin, para-amino salicylic acid, pemetrexed, pentamidine, pentostatin, pramipexole, polymyxin B, rifampicin, sertraline, Streptozocin, Sulfasalazine, sulfinpyrazone, sulphonamide crystalluria Cacluli, synthetic cannabinoids, tacrolimus, taxanes, telavancin, temozolomide, tenofovir, topotecan, valacyclovir, vancomycin, vinca alkaloids
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Acute pancreatitis, addisonian crisis, diabetic nephropathy, hypercalciuria, hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma, hypoaldosteronism, myxedema coma, SIADH
Environmental	Burns, heat stroke, insect bites, snake bite (Viperidae)
Gastroenterologic	Bowel strangulation, colorectal cancer, hepatic vein thrombosis, hepatorenal syndrome, intestinal obstruction, intususception of intestine, acute pancreatitis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, third space losses, upper or lower gastrointestinal bleeding
Genetic	Prune belly syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, transient renal dysfunction of the newborn
Hematologic	Disseminated intravascular coagulation, expanding hematoma, mismatched blood transfusion, myelomatosis, myoglobinuria, polycythemia, porphyria, renal artery thrombosis, renal vein thrombosis, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, transfusion reactions
Iatrogenic	Diarrhea, external drainage, malignant hyperpyrexia following anesthesia, mismatched blood transfusion, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, radiotherapy, sweating, systemic inflammatory response syndrome , vomiting
Infectious Disease	Diphtheria, endometriosis, endotoxic shock, enteritis, epidemic dropsy, hantavirus, human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis, lassa fever, leptospirosis, malignant malaria, mycobacterium tuberculosis, neisseria gonorrhoea, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, schistosoma haematobium, septic shock, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, toxic shock syndrome
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	Rhabdomyolysis, cervical spine injury, spinal cord compression, crush syndrome, fractures, massive bleeding, polytrauma
Neurologic	Eclampsia, intraventricular hemorrhage, neurogenic bladder, neurogenic shock after central nervous system or spinal cord injury, prolonged convulsions, spinal cord compression
Nutritional/Metabolic	Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency, bulimia, cholesterol embolism
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Cervical cancer, endometriosis, hydrometrocolpos, hyperemesis gravidarum, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, perinatal asphyxia, postpartum bleeding, pre-eclampsia, pregnancy toxemia, puerperal shock, twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
Oncologic	Benign prostatic hyperplasia, bladder cancer, leukaemia, myelomatosis, pelvic tumour, prostate cancer, tumor lysis syndrome
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	Crush syndrome, drug overdose, heavy metal poisoning , heme pigments, myoglobinuria, porphyria, radiocontrast media, rhabdomyolysis, tumor lysis syndrome.
Psychiatric	Bulimia
Pulmonary	Alport syndrome, massive pulmonary embolism, respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory losses , severe pulmonary hypertension, tension pneumothorax
Renal/Electrolyte	Acute cortical necrosis, acute interstitial nephritis, acute on chronic renal failure , acute pyelonephritis, acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis, addisonian crisis, alport syndrome, analgesic nephropathy, burns, chronic renal failure, end stage kidney disease, glomerulonephritis, hepatic vein thrombosis, hepatorenal syndrome, hydronephrosis, hypoaldosteronism, nephritic syndrome, nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, nephrotic syndrome, Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, renal papillary necrosis, renal vein thrombosis, salt-wasting nephropathies, sulphonamide crystalluria, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Anaphylaxis and anaphylactoid reactions, antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, mismatched blood transfusion, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome , transfusion reactions, transplant rejection, vasculitis
Sexual	Benign prostatic hyperplasia, hydrometrocolpos
Trauma	Acute blood loss, crush syndrome, fractures, multiple traumatic injuries, neurogenic bladder, neurogenic shock after central nervous system or spinal cord injury, ruptured hematoma, shock, upper or lower gastrointestinal bleeding
Urologic	Benign prostatic hyperplasia, bladder cancer, bladder outlet obstruction, hydronephrosis, kidney stone, nephrotic syndrome, obstruction of the urinary tract, pelvic tumor, prostate cancer, schistosoma haematobium, sulphonamide crystalluria, ureterocele, urethral catheterization, urethral stricture, urethral trauma
Miscellaneous	Marathon running, post-resustication syndrome, puerperal shock, radiotherapy, surgery complication

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

Template:WH Template:WS

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
 {{Oliguria}}
 {{CMG}}; {{M.P}}
+==Overview==
+Oliguria is the low output of urine below 300-500ml/day.  The decreased output of urine may be causes by [[dehydration]], [[renal failure]], [[hypovolemic shock]], [[hyperosmolar nonketotic coma]], [[urinary retention]], [[DKA]], [[preeclampsia]], and [[urinary tract infections]] among other conditions.
 ==Causes==
+===Life Threatening Causes===
+Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
+*[[Aneurysm|Aneurysmal rupture]]
+*[[Accelerated hypertension]]
+*[[Bleeding|Acute blood loss]]
+*[[acute renal failure|Acute cortical necrosis]]
+*[[myocardial infarction|Acute systemic inflammation following acute myocardial infarction]]
+*[[Acute tubular necrosis]]
+*[[Anaphylaxis|Anaphylaxis and anaphylactoid reactions]]
+*[[Bowel obstruction|Bowel strangulation]]
+*[[Burns]]
+*[[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
+*[[Cardiogenic shock]]
+*[[Crush syndrome]]
+*[[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]]
+*[[Drug overdose]]
+*[[Eclampsia]]
+*[[sepsis|Endotoxic shock]]
+*[[Heat stroke]]
+*[[Hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma]]
+*[[pulmonary embolism|Massive pulmonary embolism]]
+*[[blood transfusion|Mismatched blood transfusion]]
+*[[shock|Neurogenic shock after central nervous system or spinal cord injury]]
+*[[Pericardial tamponade]]
+*[[pericardial constriction|Severe constrictive pericarditis]]
 ===Common Causes===
@@ Line 24: / Line 53: @@
 *[[Posterior urethral valves]]
 *[[Postpartum bleeding]]
-*[[Prostate enlargement]]
+*[[Benign prostatic hyperplasia|Prostate enlargement]]
-==Reference==
-{Reflist|2}
 *[[Renal artery thrombosis]]
 *[[Sepsis]]
 *[[SIADH]]
-*[[Third space losses]]
+*[[Third spacing of fluids|Third space losses]]
-*[[Urethral trauma]]
+*[[urethral syndrome|Urethral trauma]]
 ===Causes by Organ System===
 {|style="width:82%; height:100px" border="1"
 |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Accelerated hypertension]],  [[Acute systemic inflammation following acute myocardial infarction]],  [[Aneurysmal rupture]],  [[Aortic valve ring and critical aortic stenosis]],  [[Atheroemboli]],  [[Bleeding]],  [[Bradyarrhythmias ]],  [[Capillary leak]],  [[Cardiogenic shock]],  [[Cholesterol embolism]],  [[Complete heart block]],  [[Congenital heart disease]],  [[Dilated cardiomyopathies]],  [[Heart failure]],  [[Heat stroke]],  [[Hypovolemic shock]],  [[Malignant hypertension]],  [[myocardial depression ]],  [[myocardial shock]],  [[Myocardial stunning ]],  [[pericardial tamponade, ]],  [[Preclampsia]],  [[Renal artery stenosis]],  [[severe constrictive pericarditis ]],  [[Superior mesenteric artery occlusion]],  [[vasculitis ]]
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Accelerated hypertension]], [[myocardial infarction|acute systemic inflammation after myocardial infarction]], [[Aneurysm|aneurysmal rupture]], [[Aortic stenosis|aortic valve ring and critical aortic stenosis]], [[Embolism|atheroemboli]], [[bleeding]], [[bradyarrhythmias ]], [[capillary leak]], [[cardiogenic shock]], [[cholesterol embolism]], [[complete heart block]], [[congenital heart disease]], [[Cardiomyopathy|dilated cardiomyopathies]], [[heart failure]], [[heat stroke]], [[hypovolemic shock]], [[malignant hypertension]], [[myocardial stunning]], [[cardiac tamponade]], [[pre-eclampsia]], [[renal artery stenosis]], [[Pericardial constriction|severe constrictive pericarditis]], [[SMA|superior mesenteric artery occlusion]], [[vasculitis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Camphor]],  [[Carbon-monoxide]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Camphor]], [[carbon monoxide]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 49: / Line 75: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Dermatologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anaphylaxis and anaphylactoid reactions]],  [[Erythroderma]],  [[Sweating]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anaphylaxis|Anaphylaxis and anaphylactoid reactions]], [[erythroderma]], [[perspiration|sweating]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Drug Side Effect'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ACE inhibitors]],  [[Amatoxins]],  [[Aminoglycosides]],  [[Amphotericin B]],  [[Analgesic nephropathy]],  [[Anthracyclines]],  [[Arsenic trioxide]],  [[Bacitracin]],  [[Bendamustine]],  [[Bleomycin]],  [[Capecitabine]],  [[Capreomycin]],  [[Carbon tetrachloride]],  [[Carboplatin]],  [[Carmustine]],  [[Cidofovir]],  [[Cisplatin]],  [[Cyclophosphamide]],  [[Cyclosporine]],  [[Cytarabine]],  [[Deferasirox]],  [[Etoposide]],  [[Exenatide]],  [[Fluconazole]],  [[Fludarabine and cladribine]],  [[Gallium nitrate]],  [[Gemcitabine]],  [[Gyromitrin]],  [[Hetastarch ]],  [[Hydroxyurea]],  [[Ifosfamide]],  [[Intravenous immune globulin]],  [[Irinotecan]],  [[Lenalidomide]],  [[Lomustine]],  [[Malignant hyperpyrexia following anesthesia]],  [[Mannitol]],  [[Melphalan]],  [[Methotrexate]],  [[Micafungin]],  [[Mithramycin]],  [[Nitrosourea compounds]],  [[NSAIDs ]],  [[Orellanine]],  [[Oxaliplatin]],  [[Para-amino salicylic acid]],  [[Pemetrexed]],  [[Pentamidine]],  [[Pentostatin]],  [[Polymyxin B]],  [[Rifampicin]],  [[Sulphinpyrazone]],  [[Sulphonamide crystalluria Cacluli]],  [[Synthetic cannabinoids ]],  [[Tacrolimus]],  [[Taxanes]],  [[Telavancin]],  [[Temozolomide]],  [[Tenofovir]],  [[Topotecan]],  [[Valacyclovir]],  [[Vancomycin]],  [[Vinca alkaloids]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ACE inhibitors]], [[Aldesleukin]], [[amatoxins]], [[aminoglycosides]], [[amphotericin B]], [[analgesic nephropathy]], [[anthracyclines]], [[arsenic trioxide]], [[bacitracin]], [[bendamustine]], [[bleomycin]], [[capecitabine]], [[capreomycin]], [[carbon tetrachloride]], [[carboplatin]], [[carmustine]], [[cidofovir]], [[cisplatin]], [[cyclophosphamide]], [[cyclosporine]], [[cytarabine]], [[deferasirox]], [[etoposide]], [[exenatide]], [[fluconazole]], [[fludarabine]], [[cladribine]], [[gallium]], [[gemcitabine]], [[gyromitrin]], [[Hydroxyethyl starch|hetastarch]], [[hydroxyurea]], [[ifosfamide]], [[Immune Globulin Intravenous Injection|immune globulin intravenous injection]], [[irinotecan]], [[lenalidomide]], [[Lincomycin Hydrochloride]], [[lomustine]], [[hyperpyrexia|malignant hyperpyrexia following anesthesia]], [[mannitol]], [[melphalan]], [[methotrexate]], [[micafungin]], [[mithramycin]], [[Nabilone]], [[nitrosourea compounds]], [[NSAIDs ]], [[orellanine]], [[oxaliplatin]], [[para-amino salicylic acid]], [[pemetrexed]], [[pentamidine]], [[pentostatin]], [[pramipexole]], [[polymyxin B]], [[rifampicin]], [[sertraline]], [[Streptozocin]], [[Sulfasalazine]], [[sulfinpyrazone]], [[sulphonamide|sulphonamide crystalluria Cacluli]], [[Cannabinoids|synthetic cannabinoids]], [[tacrolimus]], [[taxanes]], [[telavancin]], [[temozolomide]], [[tenofovir]], [[topotecan]], [[valacyclovir]], [[vancomycin]], [[vinca alkaloids]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 61: / Line 87: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Endocrine'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute pancreatitis]],  [[Addisonian crisis]],  [[Diabetic nephropathy]],  [[Hypercalciuria]],  [[Hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma]],  [[hypoaldosteronism]],  [[Myxedema coma]],  [[SIADH]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute pancreatitis]], [[addisonian crisis]], [[diabetic nephropathy]], [[hypercalciuria]], [[hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma]], [[hypoaldosteronism]], [[myxedema coma]], [[SIADH]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Environmental'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Burns]],  [[Heat stroke]],  [[Insect bites]],  [[Snake bite (Viperidae)]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Burns]], [[heat stroke]], [[insect bites]], [[snake bite (Viperidae)]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Gastroenterologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bowel strangulation]],  [[Colorectal cancer]],  [[Hemorrhagic pancreatitis]],  [[Hepatic vein thrombosis]],  [[Hepatorenal syndrome]],  [[Intestinal obstruction, ]],  [[Intususception of intestine]],  [[Acute Pancreatitis]],  [[Retroperitoneal fibrosis]],  [[Third-space sequestration]],  [[Upper or Lower gastrointestinal bleeding]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[bowel infarction|Bowel strangulation]], [[colorectal cancer]], [[hepatic vein thrombosis]], [[hepatorenal syndrome]], [[bowel obstruction|intestinal obstruction]], [[intususception of intestine]], [[acute pancreatitis]], [[retroperitoneal fibrosis]], [[Third spacing of fluids|third space losses]],  [[gastrointestinal bleeding|upper or lower gastrointestinal bleeding]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Genetic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Prune belly syndrome]],  [[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]],  [[Transient renal dysfunction of the newborn]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Prune belly syndrome]], [[thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]], transient renal dysfunction of the newborn
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Hematologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]],  [[Expanding hematoma]],  [[Mismatched blood transfusion]],  [[Myoglobinuria]],  [[Polycythemia]],  [[Porphyria]],  [[Renal artery thrombosis]],  [[Renal vein thrombosis]],  [[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]],  [[transfusion reactions]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]], [[hematoma|expanding hematoma]], [[blood transfusion|mismatched blood transfusion]], [[waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia|myelomatosis]], [[myoglobinuria]], [[polycythemia]], [[porphyria]], [[renal artery thrombosis]], [[renal vein thrombosis]], [[thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]], [[transfusion reactions]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Iatrogenic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diarrhea]],  [[external drainage]],  [[Malignant hyperpyrexia following anesthesia]],  [[Mismatched blood transfusion]],  [[Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome]],  [[Radiotherapy]],  [[sweating]],  [[Systemic inflammatory response syndrome ]],  [[Vomiting]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diarrhea]], [[surgery|external drainage]], [[hyperpyrexia|malignant hyperpyrexia following anesthesia]], [[blood transfusion|mismatched blood transfusion]], [[multiple organ dysfunction syndrome]], [[radiotherapy]], [[perspiration|sweating]], [[systemic inflammatory response syndrome ]], [[vomiting]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Infectious Disease'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diphtheria]],  [[Dobrava-Belgrade Virus]],  [[Endometriosis]],  [[Endotoxic shock]],  [[Enteritis]],  [[Epidemic dropsy]],  [[Hantavirus]],  [[Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis]],  [[Lassa fever]],  [[Leptospirosis]],  [[Malignant malaria]],  [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]],  [[Neisseria gonorrhoea]],  [[Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]],  [[Schistosoma haematobium]],  [[septic shock ]],  [[Systemic inflammatory response syndrome ]],  [[Toxic shock syndrome]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diphtheria]], [[endometriosis]], [[septic shock|endotoxic shock]], [[enteritis]], [[epidemic dropsy]], [[hantavirus]], [[ehrlichiosis|human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis]], [[lassa fever]], [[leptospirosis]], [[malaria|malignant malaria]], [[mycobacterium tuberculosis]], [[gonorrhoea|neisseria gonorrhoea]], [[post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]], [[schistosoma haematobium]], [[septic shock]], [[systemic inflammatory response syndrome]], [[toxic shock syndrome]]
-|-
+|
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Rhabdomyolysis]],  [[Cervical spine injury]],  [[Spinal cord compression]],  [[Crush syndrome]],  [[fractures]],  [[Massive bleeding]],  [[Multiple traumatic injuries]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Rhabdomyolysis]], [[spinal cord injury|cervical spine injury]], [[spinal cord compression]], [[crush syndrome]], [[fractures]], [[massive bleeding]], [[polytrauma]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Neurologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cervical spine injury]],  [[Eclampsia]],  [[Intraventricular hemorrhage]],  [[Myelomatosis]],  [[Neurogenic bladder]],  [[neurogenic shock after central nervous system or spinal cord injury]],  [[Prolonged convulsions]],  [[Spinal cord compression]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Eclampsia]], [[intraventricular hemorrhage]], [[neurogenic bladder]], [[shock|neurogenic shock after central nervous system or spinal cord injury]], [[convulsion|prolonged convulsions]], [[spinal cord compression]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]],  [[Bulimia]],  [[Cholesterol embolism]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]], [[bulimia]], [[cholesterol embolism]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Carcinoma of the uterine cervix]],  [[Cervical cancer]],  [[Endometriosis]],  [[Hydrometrocolpos]],  [[Hyperemesis gravidarum]],  [[Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome]],  [[Perinatal asphyxia]],  [[Postpartum bleeding]],  [[Preclampsia]],  [[Toxemia of pregnancy (type of Toxemia)]],  [[Twin twin transfusion]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cervical cancer]], [[endometriosis]], [[vulvovaginal health|hydrometrocolpos]], [[hyperemesis gravidarum]], [[ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome]], [[perinatal asphyxia]], [[postpartum bleeding]], [[pre-eclampsia]], [[pregnancy toxemia]], [[puerperal fever|puerperal shock]], [[twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Oncologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Benign Prostate hyperplasia]],  [[Bladder cancer]],  [[Leukaemia]],  [[Pelvic tumor]],  [[Prostate cancer]],  [[Tumor lysis syndrome]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]], [[bladder cancer]], [[leukaemia]], [[waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia|myelomatosis]], [[pelvic masses|pelvic tumour]], [[prostate cancer]], [[tumor lysis syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 113: / Line 139: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Crush syndrome]],  [[Drug overdose]],  [[heavy metal poisoning ]],  [[Heme pigments ]],  [[Myoglobinuria]],  [[Porphyria]],  [[Radiocontrast media ]],  [[Rhabdomyolysis]],  [[Tumor lysis syndrome]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Crush syndrome]], [[drug overdose]], [[heavy metal poisoning ]], [[heme|heme pigments]], [[myoglobinuria]], [[porphyria]], [[radiocontrast|radiocontrast media]], [[rhabdomyolysis]], [[tumor lysis syndrome]].
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 121: / Line 147: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Pulmonary'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alport syndrome]],  [[Massive pulmonary embolism,]],  [[Respiratory distress syndrome]],  [[Respiratory losses ]],  [[Severe pulmonary hypertension]],  [[Tension pneumothorax]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alport syndrome]], [[ pulmonary embolism|massive pulmonary embolism]], [[respiratory distress syndrome]], [[respiratory losses ]], [[severe pulmonary hypertension]], [[tension pneumothorax]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute cortical necrosis]],  [[Acute glomerulonephritis]],  [[Acute interstitial nephritis]],  [[Acute on chronic renal failure ]],  [[Acute pyelonephritis]],  [[Acute renal failure]],  [[Acute tubular necrosis]],  [[Addisonian crisis]],  [[Alport syndrome]],  [[Analgesic nephropathy]],  [[Bilateral renal vein occlusion]],  [[Burns]],  [[Chronic renal failure]],  [[End stage kidney disease]],  [[Glomerulonephritis ]],  [[Hepatic vein thrombosis]],  [[Hepatorenal syndrome]],  [[Hydronephrosis]],  [[hypoaldosteronism]],  [[Interstitial nephritis]],  [[Intrinsic glomerular disease]],  [[Nephritic syndrome]],  [[Nephrocalcinosis ]],  [[Nephrolithiasis]],  [[Nephrotic syndrome]],  [[Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]],  [[Prerenal failure]],  [[Renal insufficiency]],  [[Renal papillary necrosis]],  [[Renal vein thrombosis]],  [[salt-wasting nephropathies ]],  [[Sulphonamide crystalluria Cacluli]],  [[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[acute renal failure|Acute cortical necrosis]], [[acute interstitial nephritis]], [[chronic renal failure|acute on chronic renal failure ]], [[acute pyelonephritis]], [[acute renal failure]], [[acute tubular necrosis]], [[addisonian crisis]], [[alport syndrome]], [[analgesic nephropathy]], [[burns]], [[chronic renal failure]], [[chronic renal failure|end stage kidney disease]], [[glomerulonephritis]], [[hepatic vein thrombosis]], [[hepatorenal syndrome]], [[hydronephrosis]], [[hypoaldosteronism]], [[nephritic syndrome]], [[nephrocalcinosis]], [[nephrolithiasis]], [[nephrotic syndrome]], [[Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]], [[renal papillary necrosis]], [[renal vein thrombosis]], [[diabetic nephropathy|salt-wasting nephropathies]], [[Sulphonamide|sulphonamide crystalluria]], [[thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anaphylaxis and anaphylactoid reactions]],  [[Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome]],  [[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]],  [[Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus]],  [[Mismatched blood transfusion]],  [[Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome]],  [[Systemic lupus erythematosis]],  [[Systemic inflammatory response syndrome ]],  [[transfusion reactions]],  [[Transplant rejection]],  [[vasculitis ]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anaphylaxis|Anaphylaxis and anaphylactoid reactions]], [[antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome]], [[disseminated intravascular coagulation]], [[lichen sclerosus et atrophicus]], [[blood transfusion|mismatched blood transfusion]], [[multiple organ dysfunction syndrome]], [[systemic lupus erythematosis]], [[systemic inflammatory response syndrome ]], [[transfusion reactions]], [[transplant rejection]], [[vasculitis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Sexual'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Benign Prostate hyperplasia]],  [[Hydrometrocolpos]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]], [[Vulvovaginal health|hydrometrocolpos]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Trauma'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute blood loss]],  [[Cervical spine injury]],  [[Crush syndrome]],  [[fractures]],  [[Massive bleeding]],  [[Multiple traumatic injuries]],  [[Neurogenic bladder]],  [[Neurogenic shock after central nervous system or spinal cord injury]],  [[Ruptured hematoma]],  [[Shock]],  [[Upper or Lower gastrointestinal bleeding]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[bleeding|Acute blood loss]], [[crush syndrome]], [[fracture|fractures]], [[polytrauma|multiple traumatic injuries]], [[neurogenic bladder]], [[shock|neurogenic shock after central nervous system or spinal cord injury]], [[hematoma|ruptured hematoma]], [[shock]], [[gastrointestinal bleeding|upper or lower gastrointestinal bleeding]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Urologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Benign Prostate hyperplasia]],  [[Bladder cancer]],  [[Bladder outlet obstruction]],  [[Hydronephrosis]],  [[Kidney stone]],  [[Nephrotic syndrome]],  [[Obstruction of the urinary tract]],  [[Pelvic tumor]],  [[Prostate cancer]],  [[Schistosoma haematobium]],  [[Sulphonamide crystalluria Cacluli]],  [[Ureterocele]],  [[Urethral catheterization]],  [[Urethral stricture]],  [[Urethral trauma]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]], [[bladder cancer]], [[obstructive uropathy|bladder outlet obstruction]], [[hydronephrosis]], [[kidney stone]], [[nephrotic syndrome]], [[obstructive uropathy|obstruction of the urinary tract]], [[pelvic masses|pelvic tumor]], [[prostate cancer]], [[schistosoma haematobium]], [[sulphonamide|sulphonamide crystalluria]], [[ureterocele]], [[urethral catheterization]], [[urethral stricture]], [[urethral syndrome|urethral trauma]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Miscellaneous'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Puerperal shock]],  [[Radiotherapy]],  [[Surgery complication]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[running|Marathon running]], [[emergency medicine|post-resustication syndrome]], [[puerperal fever|puerperal shock]], [[radiotherapy]], [[surgery|surgery complication]]
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 152: / Line 178: @@
 {{col-begin|width=85%}}
 {{col-break|width=33%}}
-*[[Aneurysmal rupture]]
 *[[Accelerated hypertension]]
 *[[ACE inhibitors]]
-*[[Acute blood loss]]
+*[[Bleeding|Acute blood loss]]
-*[[Acute cortical necrosis]]
+*[[acute renal failure|Acute cortical necrosis]]
-*[[Acute glomerulonephritis]]
 *[[Acute interstitial nephritis]]
-*[[Acute on chronic renal failure ]]
+*[[Chronic renal failure|Acute on chronic renal failure ]]
 *[[Acute pancreatitis]]
 *[[Acute pyelonephritis]]
 *[[Acute renal failure]]
-*[[Acute systemic inflammation following acute myocardial infarction]]
+*[[myocardial infarction|Acute systemic inflammation following acute myocardial infarction]]
 *[[Acute tubular necrosis]]
 *[[Addisonian crisis]]
@@ Line 172: / Line 196: @@
 *[[Amphotericin B]]
 *[[Analgesic nephropathy]]
-*[[Anaphylaxis and anaphylactoid reactions]]
+*[[Anaphylaxis|Anaphylaxis and anaphylactoid reactions]]
+*[[Aneurysm|Aneurysmal rupture]]
 *[[Anthracyclines]]
 *[[Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome]]
-*[[Aortic valve ring and critical aortic stenosis]]
+*[[aortic stenosis|Aortic valve ring and critical aortic stenosis]]
 *[[Arsenic trioxide]]
-*[[Atheroemboli]]
+*[[embolism|Atheroemboli]]
 *[[Bacitracin]]
 *[[Bendamustine]]
-*[[Benign Prostate hyperplasia]]
+*[[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]]
-*[[Bilateral renal vein occlusion]]
 *[[Bladder cancer]]
-*[[Bladder outlet obstruction]]
+*[[obstructive uropathy|Bladder outlet obstruction]]
-*[[Bleeding]]
 *[[Bleomycin]]
-*[[Blood transfusion and complications]]
+*[[Bowel obstruction|Bowel strangulation]]
-*[[Bowel strangulation]]
 *[[Bradyarrhythmias ]]
 *[[Bulimia]]
@@ Line 197: / Line 219: @@
 *[[Capreomycin]]
 *[[Carbon tetrachloride]]
-*[[Carbon-monoxide poisoning (type of Poisoning)]]
+*[[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
 *[[Carboplatin]]
-*[[Carcinoma of the uterine cervix]]
 *[[Cardiogenic shock]]
 *[[Carmustine]]
 *[[Cervical cancer]]
-*[[Cervical spine injury]]
 *[[Cholesterol embolism]]
 *[[Chronic renal failure]]
@@ Line 209: / Line 229: @@
 *[[Cirrhosis]]
 *[[Cisplatin]]
+*[[Cladribine]]
 *[[Clostridium tetani]]
 *[[Colorectal cancer]]
@@ Line 217: / Line 238: @@
 *[[Cyclosporine]]
 *[[Cytarabine]]
-*[[Dalmatian hypouricemia]]
 *[[Decompression sickness]]
 *[[Deferasirox]]
-*[[Dehyrdration]]
+*[[Dehydration]]
 *[[Diabetes]]
 *[[Diarrhea]]
-*[[Dilated cardiomyopathies]]
+*[[cardiomyopathy|Dilated cardiomyopathies]]
 *[[Diphtheria]]
 *[[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]]
 *[[Diuretics]]
-*[[Dobrava-Belgrade Virus]]
 *[[Drug overdose]]
 *[[Eclampsia]]
-*[[End stage kidney disease]]
+*[[chronic renal failure|End stage kidney disease]]
 *[[Endometriosis]]
-*[[Endotoxic shock]]
+*[[sepsis|Endotoxic shock]]
 *[[Enteritis]]
 *[[Epidemic dropsy]]
-*[[Eribulin]]
 {{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Erythroderma]]
@@ Line 241: / Line 259: @@
 *[[Etoposide]]
 *[[Exenatide]]
-*[[Expanding hematoma]]
+*[[hematoma|Expanding hematoma]]
-*[[External drainage]]
+*[[surgery|External drainage]]
 *[[Fluconazole]]
-*[[Fludarabine and cladribine]]
+*[[Fludarabine]]
 *[[Foscarnet]]
 *[[Fractures]]
-*[[Gallium nitrate]]
+*[[Gallium]]
 *[[Gemcitabine]]
 *[[Glomerulonephritis ]]
@@ Line 254: / Line 272: @@
 *[[Heart failure]]
 *[[Heat stroke]]
-*[[Heavy metal poisoning ]]
+*[[Heavy metal poisoning]]
-*[[Heme pigments ]]
+*[[heme|Heme pigments ]]
-*[[Hemorrhagic pancreatitis]]
 *[[Hepatic vein thrombosis]]
 *[[Hepatorenal syndrome]]
-*[[Hetastarch ]]
+*[[Hydroxyethyl starch|Hetastarch]]
-*[[Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis]]
+*[[ehrlichiosis|Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis]]
-*[[Hydrometrocolpos]]
+*[[vulvovaginal health|Hydrometrocolpos]]
 *[[Hydronephrosis]]
 *[[Hydroxyurea]]
@@ Line 271: / Line 288: @@
 *[[Hypovolemic shock]]
 *[[Ifosfamide]]
-*[[Impaired renal function]]
 *[[Insect bites]]
 *[[Interstitial nephritis]]
-*[[Intestinal obstruction, ]]
+*[[Intestinal obstruction]]
-*[[Intravenous immune globulin]]
+*[[Immune Globulin Intravenous Injection]]
 *[[Intraventricular hemorrhage]]
-*[[Intrinsic glomerular disease]]
 *[[Intususception of intestine]]
 *[[Irinotecan]]
-*[[Kidney stone]]
 *[[Lassa fever]]
 *[[Lenalidomide]]
@@ Line 287: / Line 301: @@
 *[[Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus]]
 *[[Lomustine]]
-*[[Malignant hyperpyrexia following anesthesia]]
+*[[hyperpyrexia|Malignant hyperpyrexia following anesthesia]]
 *[[Malignant hypertension]]
-*[[Malignant malaria]]
+*[[malaria|Malignant malaria]]
 *[[Mannitol]]
-*[[Marathon running]]
+*[[running|Marathon running]]
-*[[Massive bleeding]]
+*[[pulmonary embolism|Massive pulmonary embolism]]
-*[[Massive pulmonary embolism,]]
 *[[Melphalan]]
 *[[Methotrexate]]
 *[[Micafungin]]
-*[[Mismatched blood transfusion]]
+*[[blood transfusion|Mismatched blood transfusion]]
 *[[Mithramycin]]
 *[[Mitomycin C]]
 *[[Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome]]
-*[[multiple traumatic injuries]]
 *[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]
-*[[Myelomatosis]]
+*[[waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia|Myelomatosis]]
-*[[myocardial depression ]]
-*[[myocardial shock]]
 *[[Myoglobinuria]]
 *[[Myxedema coma]]
-*[[Neisseria gonorrhoea]]
+*[[Nabilone]]
+*[[gonorrhoea|Neisseria gonorrhoea]]
 *[[Nephritic syndrome]]
 *[[Nephrocalcinosis ]]
 *[[Nephrolithiasis]]
 *[[Nephrotic syndrome]]
-*[[Nephrotoxic agents]]
 *[[Neurogenic bladder]]
-*[[Neurogenic shock after central nervous system or spinal cord injury]]
+*[[shock|Neurogenic shock after central nervous system or spinal cord injury]]
 *[[Nitrosourea compounds]]
 *[[NSAIDs ]]
-*[[Obstruction of the urinary tract]]
+*[[obstructive uropathy|Obstruction of the urinary tract]]
 *[[Orellanine]]
-{{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome]]
 *[[Oxaliplatin]]
-*[[Pancreatitis, acute]]
+{{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Para-amino salicylic acid]]
-*[[Pelvic tumor]]
+*[[pelvic masses|Pelvic tumor]]
 *[[Pemetrexed]]
 *[[Pentamidine]]
 *[[Pentostatin]]
-*[[Pericardial tamponade, ]]
+*[[Pericardial tamponade]]
 *[[Perinatal asphyxia]]
-*[[Poisons]]
 *[[Polycythemia]]
 *[[Polymyxin B]]
 *[[Porphyria]]
 *[[Postpartum bleeding]]
-*[[Post-resuscitation syndrome]]
+*[[emergency medicine|Post-resuscitation syndrome]]
 *[[Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]]
-*[[Preclampsia]]
+* [[Pregnancy toxemia]]
-*[[Prerenal failure]]
+*[[Pre-eclampsia]]
-*[[Prolonged convulsions]]
+*[[convulsions|Prolonged convulsions]]
 *[[Prostate cancer]]
 *[[Prune belly syndrome]]
-*[[Puerperal shock]]
+*[[puerperal fever|Puerperal shock]]
-*[[Radiocontrast media ]]
+*[[radiocontrast|Radiocontrast media]]
 *[[Radiotherapy]]
 *[[Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis]]
@@ Line 353: / Line 361: @@
 *[[Renal vein thrombosis]]
 *[[Respiratory distress syndrome]]
-*[[Respiratory losses ]]
+*[[third spacing of fluids|Respiratory fluid loss]]
 *[[Retroperitoneal fibrosis]]
 *[[Rhabdomyolysis]]
 *[[Rifampicin]]
-*[[Ruptured hematoma]]
+*[[hematoma|Ruptured hematoma]]
-*[[Salt-wasting nephropathies ]]
+*[[diabetic nephropathy|Salt-wasting nephropathies]]
 *[[Schistosoma haematobium]]
-*[[Septic shock ]]
+*[[Septic shock]]
-*[[Severe constrictive pericarditis ]]
+*[[pericardial constriction|Severe constrictive pericarditis]]
-*[[Severe hypoperfusion]]
 *[[Severe pulmonary hypertension]]
 *[[Shock]]
@@ Line 369: / Line 376: @@
 *[[Snake bite (Viperidae)]]
 *[[Spinal cord compression]]
-*[[ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complications]]
+*[[Streptozocin]]
-*[[Myocardial stunning ]]
+*[[Myocardial stunning]]
-*[[Sulphinpyrazone]]
+*[[Sulfinpyrazone]]
-*[[Sulphonamide crystalluria Cacluli]]
+*[[sulphonamide|Sulphonamide crystalluria]]
-*[[Superior mesenteric artery occlusion]]
+*[[SMA|Superior mesenteric artery occlusion]]
-*[[Surgery complication]]
+*[[surgery|Surgery complication]]
-*[[Sweating]]
+*[[perspiration|Sweating]]
-*[[Synthetic cannabinoids ]]
+*[[cannabinoids|Synthetic cannabinoids]]
-*[[Systemic inflammatory response syndrome ]]
+*[[Systemic inflammatory response syndrome]]
 *[[Tacrolimus]]
 *[[Taxanes]]
@@ Line 384: / Line 391: @@
 *[[Tenofovir]]
 *[[Tension pneumothorax]]
-*[[Third-space sequestration]]
+*[[Third spacing of fluids|Third-space sequestration]]
 *[[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
 *[[Topotecan]]
-*[[Toxemia of pregnancy (type of Toxemia)]]
 *[[Toxic shock syndrome]]
 *[[Transfusion reactions]]
-*[[Transient renal dysfunction of the newborn]]
+*Transient renal dysfunction of the newborn
 *[[Transplant rejection]]
 *[[Trauma]]
 *[[Tumor lysis syndrome]]
-*[[Twin twin transfusion]]
+*[[Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome]]
-*[[Upper or Lower gastrointestinal bleeding]]
+*[[gastrointestinal bleeding|Upper or Lower gastrointestinal bleeding]]
 *[[Ureterocele]]
 *[[Urethral catheterization]]
 *[[Urethral stricture]]
-*[[Urethral trauma]]
+*[[urethral syndrome|Urethral trauma]]
 *[[Valacyclovir]]
 *[[Vancomycin]]
@@ Line 407: / Line 413: @@
 {{col-end}}
-==Reference==
+==References==
 {{Reflist|2}}
+[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]
+[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
+[[Category:Nephrology]]
 {{WH}}
 {{WS}}