Oliguria causes: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 15:46, 12 February 2015

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Mugilan Poongkunran M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

Oliguria is the low output of urine below 300-500ml/day. The decreased output of urine may be causes by dehydration, renal failure, hypovolemic shock, hyperosmolar nonketotic coma, urinary retention, DKA, preeclampsia, and urinary tract infections among other conditions.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Accelerated hypertension, acute systemic inflammation after myocardial infarction, aneurysmal rupture, aortic valve ring and critical aortic stenosis, atheroemboli, bleeding, bradyarrhythmias , capillary leak, cardiogenic shock, cholesterol embolism, complete heart block, congenital heart disease, dilated cardiomyopathies, heart failure, heat stroke, hypovolemic shock, malignant hypertension, myocardial stunning, cardiac tamponade, pre-eclampsia, renal artery stenosis, severe constrictive pericarditis, superior mesenteric artery occlusion, vasculitis
Chemical/Poisoning	Camphor, carbon monoxide
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	Anaphylaxis and anaphylactoid reactions, erythroderma, sweating
Drug Side Effect	ACE inhibitors, Aldesleukin, amatoxins, aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, analgesic nephropathy, anthracyclines, arsenic trioxide, bacitracin, bendamustine, bleomycin, capecitabine, capreomycin, carbon tetrachloride, carboplatin, carmustine, cidofovir, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, cytarabine, deferasirox, etoposide, exenatide, fluconazole, fludarabine, cladribine, gallium, gemcitabine, gyromitrin, hetastarch, hydroxyurea, ifosfamide, immune globulin intravenous injection, irinotecan, lenalidomide, Lincomycin Hydrochloride, lomustine, malignant hyperpyrexia following anesthesia, mannitol, melphalan, methotrexate, micafungin, mithramycin, Nabilone, nitrosourea compounds, NSAIDs , orellanine, oxaliplatin, para-amino salicylic acid, pemetrexed, pentamidine, pentostatin, pramipexole, polymyxin B, rifampicin, sertraline, Streptozocin, Sulfasalazine, sulfinpyrazone, sulphonamide crystalluria Cacluli, synthetic cannabinoids, tacrolimus, taxanes, telavancin, temozolomide, tenofovir, topotecan, valacyclovir, vancomycin, vinca alkaloids
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Acute pancreatitis, addisonian crisis, diabetic nephropathy, hypercalciuria, hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma, hypoaldosteronism, myxedema coma, SIADH
Environmental	Burns, heat stroke, insect bites, snake bite (Viperidae)
Gastroenterologic	Bowel strangulation, colorectal cancer, hepatic vein thrombosis, hepatorenal syndrome, intestinal obstruction, intususception of intestine, acute pancreatitis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, third space losses, upper or lower gastrointestinal bleeding
Genetic	Prune belly syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, transient renal dysfunction of the newborn
Hematologic	Disseminated intravascular coagulation, expanding hematoma, mismatched blood transfusion, myelomatosis, myoglobinuria, polycythemia, porphyria, renal artery thrombosis, renal vein thrombosis, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, transfusion reactions
Iatrogenic	Diarrhea, external drainage, malignant hyperpyrexia following anesthesia, mismatched blood transfusion, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, radiotherapy, sweating, systemic inflammatory response syndrome , vomiting
Infectious Disease	Diphtheria, endometriosis, endotoxic shock, enteritis, epidemic dropsy, hantavirus, human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis, lassa fever, leptospirosis, malignant malaria, mycobacterium tuberculosis, neisseria gonorrhoea, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, schistosoma haematobium, septic shock, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, toxic shock syndrome
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	Rhabdomyolysis, cervical spine injury, spinal cord compression, crush syndrome, fractures, massive bleeding, polytrauma
Neurologic	Eclampsia, intraventricular hemorrhage, neurogenic bladder, neurogenic shock after central nervous system or spinal cord injury, prolonged convulsions, spinal cord compression
Nutritional/Metabolic	Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency, bulimia, cholesterol embolism
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Cervical cancer, endometriosis, hydrometrocolpos, hyperemesis gravidarum, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, perinatal asphyxia, postpartum bleeding, pre-eclampsia, pregnancy toxemia, puerperal shock, twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
Oncologic	Benign prostatic hyperplasia, bladder cancer, leukaemia, myelomatosis, pelvic tumour, prostate cancer, tumor lysis syndrome
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	Crush syndrome, drug overdose, heavy metal poisoning , heme pigments, myoglobinuria, porphyria, radiocontrast media, rhabdomyolysis, tumor lysis syndrome.
Psychiatric	Bulimia
Pulmonary	Alport syndrome, massive pulmonary embolism, respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory losses , severe pulmonary hypertension, tension pneumothorax
Renal/Electrolyte	Acute cortical necrosis, acute interstitial nephritis, acute on chronic renal failure , acute pyelonephritis, acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis, addisonian crisis, alport syndrome, analgesic nephropathy, burns, chronic renal failure, end stage kidney disease, glomerulonephritis, hepatic vein thrombosis, hepatorenal syndrome, hydronephrosis, hypoaldosteronism, nephritic syndrome, nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, nephrotic syndrome, Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, renal papillary necrosis, renal vein thrombosis, salt-wasting nephropathies, sulphonamide crystalluria, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Anaphylaxis and anaphylactoid reactions, antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, mismatched blood transfusion, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome , transfusion reactions, transplant rejection, vasculitis
Sexual	Benign prostatic hyperplasia, hydrometrocolpos
Trauma	Acute blood loss, crush syndrome, fractures, multiple traumatic injuries, neurogenic bladder, neurogenic shock after central nervous system or spinal cord injury, ruptured hematoma, shock, upper or lower gastrointestinal bleeding
Urologic	Benign prostatic hyperplasia, bladder cancer, bladder outlet obstruction, hydronephrosis, kidney stone, nephrotic syndrome, obstruction of the urinary tract, pelvic tumor, prostate cancer, schistosoma haematobium, sulphonamide crystalluria, ureterocele, urethral catheterization, urethral stricture, urethral trauma
Miscellaneous	Marathon running, post-resustication syndrome, puerperal shock, radiotherapy, surgery complication

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

Template:WH Template:WS

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 ==Overview==
-Please help WikiDoc by adding content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.
+Oliguria is the low output of urine below 300-500ml/day.  The decreased output of urine may be causes by [[dehydration]], [[renal failure]], [[hypovolemic shock]], [[hyperosmolar nonketotic coma]], [[urinary retention]], [[DKA]], [[preeclampsia]], and [[urinary tract infections]] among other conditions.
 ==Causes==
+===Life Threatening Causes===
+Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
+*[[Aneurysm|Aneurysmal rupture]]
+*[[Accelerated hypertension]]
+*[[Bleeding|Acute blood loss]]
+*[[acute renal failure|Acute cortical necrosis]]
+*[[myocardial infarction|Acute systemic inflammation following acute myocardial infarction]]
+*[[Acute tubular necrosis]]
+*[[Anaphylaxis|Anaphylaxis and anaphylactoid reactions]]
+*[[Bowel obstruction|Bowel strangulation]]
+*[[Burns]]
+*[[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
+*[[Cardiogenic shock]]
+*[[Crush syndrome]]
+*[[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]]
+*[[Drug overdose]]
+*[[Eclampsia]]
+*[[sepsis|Endotoxic shock]]
+*[[Heat stroke]]
+*[[Hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma]]
+*[[pulmonary embolism|Massive pulmonary embolism]]
+*[[blood transfusion|Mismatched blood transfusion]]
+*[[shock|Neurogenic shock after central nervous system or spinal cord injury]]
+*[[Pericardial tamponade]]
+*[[pericardial constriction|Severe constrictive pericarditis]]
 ===Common Causes===
 *[[ACE inhibitors]]
@@ Line 31: / Line 57: @@
 *[[Sepsis]]
 *[[SIADH]]
-*[[Third spacing of fluids|third space losses]]
+*[[Third spacing of fluids|Third space losses]]
-*Urethral trauma
+*[[urethral syndrome|Urethral trauma]]
 ===Causes by Organ System===
 {|style="width:82%; height:100px" border="1"
 |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Accelerated hypertension]], [[myocardial infarction|acute systemic inflammation after myocardial infarction]], [[Aneurysm|aneurysmal rupture]], [[Aortic stenosis|aortic valve ring and critical aortic stenosis]], [[Embolism|atheroemboli]], [[bleeding]], [[bradyarrhythmias ]], [[capillary leak]], [[cardiogenic shock]], [[cholesterol embolism]], [[complete heart block]], [[congenital heart disease]], [[Cardiomyopathy|dilated cardiomyopathies]], [[heart failure]], [[heat stroke]], [[hypovolemic shock]], [[malignant hypertension]], [[myocardial stunning]], [[cardiac tamponade]], [[pre-eclampsia]], [[renal artery stenosis]], [[Pericardial constriction|severe constrictive pericarditis]], superior mesenteric artery occlusion, [[vasculitis]]
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Accelerated hypertension]], [[myocardial infarction|acute systemic inflammation after myocardial infarction]], [[Aneurysm|aneurysmal rupture]], [[Aortic stenosis|aortic valve ring and critical aortic stenosis]], [[Embolism|atheroemboli]], [[bleeding]], [[bradyarrhythmias ]], [[capillary leak]], [[cardiogenic shock]], [[cholesterol embolism]], [[complete heart block]], [[congenital heart disease]], [[Cardiomyopathy|dilated cardiomyopathies]], [[heart failure]], [[heat stroke]], [[hypovolemic shock]], [[malignant hypertension]], [[myocardial stunning]], [[cardiac tamponade]], [[pre-eclampsia]], [[renal artery stenosis]], [[Pericardial constriction|severe constrictive pericarditis]], [[SMA|superior mesenteric artery occlusion]], [[vasculitis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 53: / Line 79: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Drug Side Effect'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ACE inhibitors]], [[amatoxins]], [[aminoglycosides]], [[amphotericin B]], [[analgesic nephropathy]], [[anthracyclines]], [[arsenic trioxide]], [[bacitracin]], [[bendamustine]], [[bleomycin]], [[capecitabine]], [[capreomycin]], [[carbon tetrachloride]], [[carboplatin]], [[carmustine]], [[cidofovir]], [[cisplatin]], [[cyclophosphamide]], [[cyclosporine]], [[cytarabine]], [[deferasirox]], [[etoposide]], [[exenatide]], [[fluconazole]], [[fludarabine]], [[cladribine]], [[gallium]], [[gemcitabine]], [[gyromitrin]], hetastarch, [[hydroxyurea]], [[ifosfamide]], [[Immune Globulin Intravenous Injection|immune globulin intravenous injection]], [[irinotecan]], [[lenalidomide]], [[lomustine]], [[hyperpyrexia|malignant hyperpyrexia following anesthesia]], [[mannitol]], [[melphalan]], [[methotrexate]], [[micafungin]], [[mithramycin]], [[nitrosourea compounds]], [[NSAIDs ]], [[orellanine]], [[oxaliplatin]], [[para-amino salicylic acid]], [[pemetrexed]], [[pentamidine]], [[pentostatin]], [[polymyxin B]], [[rifampicin]], [[sulfinpyrazone]], [[sulphonamide|sulphonamide crystalluria Cacluli]], [[Cannabinoids|synthetic cannabinoids]], [[tacrolimus]], [[taxanes]], [[telavancin]], [[temozolomide]], [[tenofovir]], [[topotecan]], [[valacyclovir]], [[vancomycin]], [[vinca alkaloids]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ACE inhibitors]], [[Aldesleukin]], [[amatoxins]], [[aminoglycosides]], [[amphotericin B]], [[analgesic nephropathy]], [[anthracyclines]], [[arsenic trioxide]], [[bacitracin]], [[bendamustine]], [[bleomycin]], [[capecitabine]], [[capreomycin]], [[carbon tetrachloride]], [[carboplatin]], [[carmustine]], [[cidofovir]], [[cisplatin]], [[cyclophosphamide]], [[cyclosporine]], [[cytarabine]], [[deferasirox]], [[etoposide]], [[exenatide]], [[fluconazole]], [[fludarabine]], [[cladribine]], [[gallium]], [[gemcitabine]], [[gyromitrin]], [[Hydroxyethyl starch|hetastarch]], [[hydroxyurea]], [[ifosfamide]], [[Immune Globulin Intravenous Injection|immune globulin intravenous injection]], [[irinotecan]], [[lenalidomide]], [[Lincomycin Hydrochloride]], [[lomustine]], [[hyperpyrexia|malignant hyperpyrexia following anesthesia]], [[mannitol]], [[melphalan]], [[methotrexate]], [[micafungin]], [[mithramycin]], [[Nabilone]], [[nitrosourea compounds]], [[NSAIDs ]], [[orellanine]], [[oxaliplatin]], [[para-amino salicylic acid]], [[pemetrexed]], [[pentamidine]], [[pentostatin]], [[pramipexole]], [[polymyxin B]], [[rifampicin]], [[sertraline]], [[Streptozocin]], [[Sulfasalazine]], [[sulfinpyrazone]], [[sulphonamide|sulphonamide crystalluria Cacluli]], [[Cannabinoids|synthetic cannabinoids]], [[tacrolimus]], [[taxanes]], [[telavancin]], [[temozolomide]], [[tenofovir]], [[topotecan]], [[valacyclovir]], [[vancomycin]], [[vinca alkaloids]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 85: / Line 111: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Infectious Disease'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diphtheria]], dobrava-Belgrade Virus, [[endometriosis]], [[septic shock|endotoxic shock]], [[enteritis]], [[epidemic dropsy]], [[hantavirus]], [[ehrlichiosis|human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis]], [[lassa fever]], [[leptospirosis]], [[malaria|malignant malaria]], [[mycobacterium tuberculosis]], [[gonorrhoea|neisseria gonorrhoea]], [[post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]], [[schistosoma haematobium]], [[septic shock]], [[systemic inflammatory response syndrome]], [[toxic shock syndrome]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diphtheria]], [[endometriosis]], [[septic shock|endotoxic shock]], [[enteritis]], [[epidemic dropsy]], [[hantavirus]], [[ehrlichiosis|human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis]], [[lassa fever]], [[leptospirosis]], [[malaria|malignant malaria]], [[mycobacterium tuberculosis]], [[gonorrhoea|neisseria gonorrhoea]], [[post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]], [[schistosoma haematobium]], [[septic shock]], [[systemic inflammatory response syndrome]], [[toxic shock syndrome]]
 |
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 101: / Line 127: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cervical cancer]], [[endometriosis]], hydrometrocolpos, [[hyperemesis gravidarum]], [[ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome]], [[perinatal asphyxia]], [[postpartum bleeding]], [[pre-eclampsia]], toxemia of pregnancy, [[twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cervical cancer]], [[endometriosis]], [[vulvovaginal health|hydrometrocolpos]], [[hyperemesis gravidarum]], [[ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome]], [[perinatal asphyxia]], [[postpartum bleeding]], [[pre-eclampsia]], [[pregnancy toxemia]], [[puerperal fever|puerperal shock]], [[twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 125: / Line 151: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[acute renal failure|Acute cortical necrosis]], [[acute interstitial nephritis]], [[chronic renal failure|acute on chronic renal failure ]], [[acute pyelonephritis]], [[acute renal failure]], [[acute tubular necrosis]], [[addisonian crisis]], [[alport syndrome]], [[analgesic nephropathy]], bilateral renal vein occlusion, [[burns]], [[chronic renal failure]], [[chronic renal failure|end stage kidney disease]], [[glomerulonephritis]], [[hepatic vein thrombosis]], [[hepatorenal syndrome]], [[hydronephrosis]], [[hypoaldosteronism]], [[nephritic syndrome]], [[nephrocalcinosis]], [[nephrolithiasis]], [[nephrotic syndrome]], [[Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]], [[renal papillary necrosis]], [[renal vein thrombosis]], [[diabetic nephropathy|salt-wasting nephropathies]], [[Sulphonamide|sulphonamide crystalluria]], [[thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[acute renal failure|Acute cortical necrosis]], [[acute interstitial nephritis]], [[chronic renal failure|acute on chronic renal failure ]], [[acute pyelonephritis]], [[acute renal failure]], [[acute tubular necrosis]], [[addisonian crisis]], [[alport syndrome]], [[analgesic nephropathy]], [[burns]], [[chronic renal failure]], [[chronic renal failure|end stage kidney disease]], [[glomerulonephritis]], [[hepatic vein thrombosis]], [[hepatorenal syndrome]], [[hydronephrosis]], [[hypoaldosteronism]], [[nephritic syndrome]], [[nephrocalcinosis]], [[nephrolithiasis]], [[nephrotic syndrome]], [[Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]], [[renal papillary necrosis]], [[renal vein thrombosis]], [[diabetic nephropathy|salt-wasting nephropathies]], [[Sulphonamide|sulphonamide crystalluria]], [[thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 133: / Line 159: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Sexual'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]], hydrometrocolpos
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]], [[Vulvovaginal health|hydrometrocolpos]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 141: / Line 167: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Urologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]], [[bladder cancer]], [[obstructive uropathy|bladder outlet obstruction]], [[hydronephrosis]], [[kidney stone]], [[nephrotic syndrome]], [[obstructive uropathy|obstruction of the urinary tract]], [[pelvic masses|pelvic tumor]], [[prostate cancer]], [[schistosoma haematobium]], [[sulphonamide|sulphonamide crystalluria]], [[ureterocele]], [[urethral catheterization]], [[urethral stricture]], urethral trauma
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]], [[bladder cancer]], [[obstructive uropathy|bladder outlet obstruction]], [[hydronephrosis]], [[kidney stone]], [[nephrotic syndrome]], [[obstructive uropathy|obstruction of the urinary tract]], [[pelvic masses|pelvic tumor]], [[prostate cancer]], [[schistosoma haematobium]], [[sulphonamide|sulphonamide crystalluria]], [[ureterocele]], [[urethral catheterization]], [[urethral stricture]], [[urethral syndrome|urethral trauma]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Miscellaneous'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[running|Marathon running]], post-resustication syndrome, [[shock|puerperal shock]], [[radiotherapy]], [[surgery|surgery complication]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[running|Marathon running]], [[emergency medicine|post-resustication syndrome]], [[puerperal fever|puerperal shock]], [[radiotherapy]], [[surgery|surgery complication]]
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 152: / Line 178: @@
 {{col-begin|width=85%}}
 {{col-break|width=33%}}
-*[[Aneurysm|Aneurysmal rupture]]
 *[[Accelerated hypertension]]
 *[[ACE inhibitors]]
@@ Line 162: / Line 187: @@
 *[[Acute pyelonephritis]]
 *[[Acute renal failure]]
-*[[myocardial infarction|Acute systemic inflammation following acute]]
+*[[myocardial infarction|Acute systemic inflammation following acute myocardial infarction]]
 *[[Acute tubular necrosis]]
 *[[Addisonian crisis]]
@@ Line 172: / Line 197: @@
 *[[Analgesic nephropathy]]
 *[[Anaphylaxis|Anaphylaxis and anaphylactoid reactions]]
+*[[Aneurysm|Aneurysmal rupture]]
 *[[Anthracyclines]]
 *[[Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome]]
@@ Line 180: / Line 206: @@
 *[[Bendamustine]]
 *[[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]]
-*Bilateral renal vein occlusion
 *[[Bladder cancer]]
 *[[obstructive uropathy|Bladder outlet obstruction]]
@@ Line 222: / Line 247: @@
 *[[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]]
 *[[Diuretics]]
-*Dobrava-Belgrade Virus
 *[[Drug overdose]]
 *[[Eclampsia]]
@@ Line 252: / Line 276: @@
 *[[Hepatic vein thrombosis]]
 *[[Hepatorenal syndrome]]
-*Hetastarch
+*[[Hydroxyethyl starch|Hetastarch]]
 *[[ehrlichiosis|Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis]]
-*Hydrometrocolpos
+*[[vulvovaginal health|Hydrometrocolpos]]
 *[[Hydronephrosis]]
 *[[Hydroxyurea]]
@@ Line 294: / Line 318: @@
 *[[Myoglobinuria]]
 *[[Myxedema coma]]
+*[[Nabilone]]
 *[[gonorrhoea|Neisseria gonorrhoea]]
 *[[Nephritic syndrome]]
@@ Line 319: / Line 344: @@
 *[[Porphyria]]
 *[[Postpartum bleeding]]
-*Post-resuscitation syndrome
+*[[emergency medicine|Post-resuscitation syndrome]]
 *[[Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis]]
+* [[Pregnancy toxemia]]
 *[[Pre-eclampsia]]
 *[[convulsions|Prolonged convulsions]]
 *[[Prostate cancer]]
 *[[Prune belly syndrome]]
-*[[shock|Puerperal shock]]
+*[[puerperal fever|Puerperal shock]]
 *[[radiocontrast|Radiocontrast media]]
 *[[Radiotherapy]]
@@ Line 350: / Line 376: @@
 *[[Snake bite (Viperidae)]]
 *[[Spinal cord compression]]
+*[[Streptozocin]]
 *[[Myocardial stunning]]
 *[[Sulfinpyrazone]]
 *[[sulphonamide|Sulphonamide crystalluria]]
-*Superior mesenteric artery occlusion
+*[[SMA|Superior mesenteric artery occlusion]]
 *[[surgery|Surgery complication]]
 *[[perspiration|Sweating]]
@@ Line 367: / Line 394: @@
 *[[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
 *[[Topotecan]]
-*Toxemia of pregnancy
 *[[Toxic shock syndrome]]
 *[[Transfusion reactions]]
@@ Line 379: / Line 405: @@
 *[[Urethral catheterization]]
 *[[Urethral stricture]]
-*Urethral trauma
+*[[urethral syndrome|Urethral trauma]]
 *[[Valacyclovir]]
 *[[Vancomycin]]
@@ Line 387: / Line 413: @@
 {{col-end}}
-==Reference==
+==References==
 {{Reflist|2}}
+[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]
+[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
+[[Category:Nephrology]]
 {{WH}}
 {{WS}}