Pericarditis causes: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 23:39, 29 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mugilan Poongkunran M.B.B.S [2] Ahmed Zaghw, M.D. [3] Homa Najafi, M.D.[4]

Overview

The causes of pericarditis can be divided into infectious and non-infectious ones. Infectious causes include bacterial, viral, fungal and, parasitic. While, non-infectious causes include autoimmune, neoplastic, metabolic, traumatic and iatrogenic, and drug-related. Acute myocardial infarction, Addisonian crisis, aortic dissection and rupture, blunt or penetrating chest trauma, esophageal perforation, gastric perforation, and myocardial rupture are life threatening causes of pericarditis. Common causes of pericarditis include viral, bacterial organisms, neoplasms, autoimmune and renal failure.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated and include:^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Acute myocardial infarction, aortic rupture, benign obstruction of thoracic duct, dissecting aortic aneurysm, Dresslers syndrome, endocarditis, myocardial rupture, myocarditis
Chemical / poisoning	Scombrotoxic fish poisoning
Dermatologic	Behcet syndrome
Drug Side Effect	Aminosalicylic acid, amiodarone, anticoagulants, bromocriptine, cromolyn sodium, certolizumab pegol, cyclosporine, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dantrolene, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, Doxycycline, 5-fluorouracil, hydantoin, hydralazine, isoniazid, mesalazine, methyldopa, methysergide, minoxidil, Olsalazine, penicillin, Pergolide, phenylbutazone, practolol, pramipexole, procainamide, procainamide, reserpine, ropinirole, streptokinase, streptomycin, sulfa drugs, Thalidomide, thiazides, thiouracil, thrombolytics, tocainide
Ear Nose Throat	Temporal arteritis
Endocrine	Addisonian crisis, hypothyroidism, myxedema
Environmental	Asbestosis, polytetrafluoroethylene inhalation, silicosis
Gastroenterologic	Inflammatory bowel disease, Whipple's disease
Genetic	Gaucher disease, Jacobs arthropathy-camptodactyly syndrome, Mulibrey nanism syndrome, recurrent hereditary polyserositis
Hematologic	Leukemia, lymphoma
Iatrogenic	Cardiac catheterization, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, cathether ablation for arrhythmias, coronary artery bypass grafting, dialysis, heart surgery, pacemaker syndrome, percutaneous coronary intervention, postpericardiotomy syndrome, radiation therapy, TAVI, thoracic surgery, vaccines (smallpox, yellow fever), valvuloplasty
Infectious Disease	Actinomycosis, adenovirus, alveolar hydatid disease, amebiasis, aspergillus, blastomycosis, borrelia, brucellosis, candida, chlamydia psittaci, coccidiomycosis, coxsackie B virus, cytomegalovirus, E.coli, EBV, echinococcus, ECHO virus, entamoeba histolytica, francisella, haemophilus influenza, hepatitis B, herpes viruses, histoplasmosis, HIV, infectious mononucleosis, influenza, klebsiella, legionella, Lyme disease, meningococci, mumps, mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycoplasma, neisseria, nocardia, pneumococcus, proteus, pseudomonas, rickettsia, salmonella, staphylococcus, streptococcus, toxoplasmosis, tularemia, ureaplasma, varicella
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Ankylosing spondylitis, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, Reiter's Syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, Still's disease
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Angioma, breast cancer, carcinoid, fibroma, Kaposi's sarcoma, leiomyoma, leukemia, lipoma, lung cancer, lymphoma, melanoma, mesothelioma, neoplasia that has spread to the pericardium, ovarian cancer, rhabdomyosarcoma, sarcoma, Sipple syndrome, teratoma
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Lung cancer, pneumonia, sarcoidosis
Renal / Electrolyte	Uremic pericarditis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Acute rheumatic fever, amyloidosis, ankylosing spondylitis, Behcet syndrome, Dressler's syndrome, familial mediterranean fever, inflammatory bowel disease, Kawasaki disease, mixed connective tissue disease, polyarteritis nodosa, polymyositis, Reiter's Syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, scleroderma, Still's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, temporal arteritis, Wegener's granulomatosis
Sexual	Neisseria gonorrhoeae, treponema pallidum
Trauma	Blunt or penetrating chest trauma, esophageal rupture, esophogeal perforation, gastric perforation, pancreatic-pericardial fistula
Urologic	Renal failure, uremia
Miscellaneous	Idiopathic

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Summery of causes

Pericarditis classification based on etiology

Infectious causes

Non-infectious causes

Viral:

Enteroviruses(coxsackieviruses, echoviruses)

Herpes viruses(EBV, CMV, HHV-6)

Adenoviruses

Parvovirus B19

Bacterial:

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Coxiella burnetii

Borrelia burgdorferi

Fungal:

Histoplasma species

Aspergillus species

Blastomyces species

Candida species

Parasitic:

Echinococcus species

Toxoplasma species

Autoimmune:

Systemic autoimmune and auto-inflammatory diseases

Systemic vasculitides

Sarcoidosis

Familial Mediterranean fever

IBD

Still disease

Neoplastic:

Primary tumours (pericardial mesothelioma)

secondary metastatic tumors( lung and breast cancer, lymphoma)

Metabolic:

Uraemia

Myxoedema

Anorexia nervosa

Traumatic and Iatrogenic

Drug-related

Others:

Amyloidosis

Aortic dissection

Pulmonary arterial

Hypertension

Chronic heart failure

Congenital absence of the pericardium

References

↑ Imazio, Massimo (2012). "Contemporary management of pericardial diseases". Current Opinion in Cardiology. 27 (3): 308–317. doi:10.1097/HCO.0b013e3283524fbe. ISSN 0268-4705.
↑ Imazio, Massimo; Spodick, David H.; Brucato, Antonio; Trinchero, Rita; Adler, Yehuda (2010). "Controversial Issues in the Management of Pericardial Diseases". Circulation. 121 (7): 916–928. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.844753. ISSN 0009-7322.
↑ Imazio, Massimo; Brucato, Antonio; DeRosa, Francesco Giuseppe; Lestuzzi, Chiara; Bombana, Enrico; Scipione, Federica; Leuzzi, Stefano; Cecchi, Enrico; Trinchero, Rita; Adler, Yehuda (2009). "Aetiological diagnosis in acute and recurrent pericarditis: when and how". Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine. 10 (3): 217–230. doi:10.2459/JCM.0b013e328322f9b1. ISSN 1558-2027.
↑ Sliwa, Karen; Mocumbi, Ana Olga (2009). "Forgotten cardiovascular diseases in Africa". Clinical Research in Cardiology. 99 (2): 65–74. doi:10.1007/s00392-009-0094-1. ISSN 1861-0684.

Template:WH Template:WS

[Imazio2012-1] Imazio, Massimo (2012). "Contemporary management of pericardial diseases". Current Opinion in Cardiology. 27 (3): 308–317. doi:10.1097/HCO.0b013e3283524fbe. ISSN 0268-4705.

[ImazioSpodick2010-2] Imazio, Massimo; Spodick, David H.; Brucato, Antonio; Trinchero, Rita; Adler, Yehuda (2010). "Controversial Issues in the Management of Pericardial Diseases". Circulation. 121 (7): 916–928. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.844753. ISSN 0009-7322.

[ImazioBrucato2009-3] Imazio, Massimo; Brucato, Antonio; DeRosa, Francesco Giuseppe; Lestuzzi, Chiara; Bombana, Enrico; Scipione, Federica; Leuzzi, Stefano; Cecchi, Enrico; Trinchero, Rita; Adler, Yehuda (2009). "Aetiological diagnosis in acute and recurrent pericarditis: when and how". Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine. 10 (3): 217–230. doi:10.2459/JCM.0b013e328322f9b1. ISSN 1558-2027.

[SliwaMocumbi2009-4] Sliwa, Karen; Mocumbi, Ana Olga (2009). "Forgotten cardiovascular diseases in Africa". Clinical Research in Cardiology. 99 (2): 65–74. doi:10.1007/s00392-009-0094-1. ISSN 1861-0684.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
 {{Pericarditis}}
-{{CMG}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{M.P}} {{AZ}}{{Homa}}
 ==Overview==
-Pericarditis can present as a disorder primarily involving the [[pericardium]] (e.g [[viral]] etiologies), as a manifestation of a systemic illness (e.g. [[autoimmune]] illnesses), or as a manifestation of a disorder involving an adjacent anatomic structure (e.g. [[neoplastic]]).
+The [[causes]] of pericarditis can be divided into [[infectious]] and [[Infectious|non-infectious]] ones. [[Infectious]] causes include [[bacterial]], [[viral]], [[fungal]] and, [[parasitic]]. While, non-[[infectious]] causes include [[autoimmune]], [[neoplastic]], [[metabolic]], [[Trauma|traumatic]] and [[iatrogenic]], and [[Drug-related pericarditis|drug-related.]] [[Acute myocardial infarction]], [[Addisonian crisis]], [[aortic dissection]] and [[Aortic rupture|rupture]], [[chest trauma|blunt or penetrating chest trauma]], [[esophageal perforation]], [[Perforation|gastric perforation]], and [[myocardial rupture]] are life threatening [[causes]] of pericarditis. Common [[causes]] of pericarditis include [[viral]], [[bacterial]] [[organisms]], [[neoplasms]], [[autoimmune]] and [[renal failure]].
 ==Causes==
 ===Life Threatening Causes===
-Life-threatening causes include conditions which result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
+Life-threatening [[causes]] include conditions which may result in death or permanent [[disability]] within 24 hours if left untreated and include:<ref name="Imazio2012">{{cite journal|last1=Imazio|first1=Massimo|title=Contemporary management of pericardial diseases|journal=Current Opinion in Cardiology|volume=27|issue=3|year=2012|pages=308–317|issn=0268-4705|doi=10.1097/HCO.0b013e3283524fbe}}</ref><ref name="ImazioSpodick2010">{{cite journal|last1=Imazio|first1=Massimo|last2=Spodick|first2=David H.|last3=Brucato|first3=Antonio|last4=Trinchero|first4=Rita|last5=Adler|first5=Yehuda|title=Controversial Issues in the Management of Pericardial Diseases|journal=Circulation|volume=121|issue=7|year=2010|pages=916–928|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.844753}}</ref><ref name="ImazioBrucato2009">{{cite journal|last1=Imazio|first1=Massimo|last2=Brucato|first2=Antonio|last3=DeRosa|first3=Francesco Giuseppe|last4=Lestuzzi|first4=Chiara|last5=Bombana|first5=Enrico|last6=Scipione|first6=Federica|last7=Leuzzi|first7=Stefano|last8=Cecchi|first8=Enrico|last9=Trinchero|first9=Rita|last10=Adler|first10=Yehuda|title=Aetiological diagnosis in acute and recurrent pericarditis: when and how|journal=Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine|volume=10|issue=3|year=2009|pages=217–230|issn=1558-2027|doi=10.2459/JCM.0b013e328322f9b1}}</ref><ref name="SliwaMocumbi2009">{{cite journal|last1=Sliwa|first1=Karen|last2=Mocumbi|first2=Ana Olga|title=Forgotten cardiovascular diseases in Africa|journal=Clinical Research in Cardiology|volume=99|issue=2|year=2009|pages=65–74|issn=1861-0684|doi=10.1007/s00392-009-0094-1}}</ref>
 *[[Acute myocardial infarction]]
 *[[Addisonian crisis]]
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 *[[esophageal rupture|Esophogeal perforation]]
 *[[perforation|Gastric perforation]]
+*[[Myocardial rupture]]
 ===Common Causes===
 * [[Acute myocardial infarction]]
+* [[Cardiac catheterization]]
+* [[Staphylococcus aureus]] (MSSA, MRSA)
+* [[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]
+* [[Neisseria meningitidis]]
+* [[Enterobacteriaceae]]
+* [[Tuberculosis]]
+* [[Histoplasmosis]]
+* [[Coxsackie B virus]]
+* [[Echovirus]]
+* [[HIV]]
 * [[Adenovirus]]
-* [[Aminosalicylic acid]]
-* [[Amiodarone]]
-* [[Coxsackie B virus]]
 * [[Influenza]]
 * [[Neoplasm]]
 * [[Renal Failure]]
-* [[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
 * [[Sulfa drugs]]
+* [[Aminosalicylic acid]]
+* [[Amiodarone]]
 * [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
-* [[Tuberculosis]]
+* [[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
+* [[Idiopathic]]
 ===Causes by Organ System===
 {|style="width:70%; height:100px" border="1"
 |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute myocardial infarction]], [[aortic rupture]], [[thoracic duct|benign obstruction of thoracic duct]], [[dissecting aortic aneurysm]], [[Dresslers syndrome]], [[endocarditis]], [[myocarditis]]
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute myocardial infarction]], [[aortic rupture]], [[thoracic duct|benign obstruction of thoracic duct]], [[dissecting aortic aneurysm]], [[Dresslers syndrome]], [[endocarditis]], [[myocardial rupture]], [[myocarditis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 46: / Line 56: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Drug Side Effect'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[aminosalicylic acid]], [[amiodarone]], [[anticoagulants]], [[bromocriptine]], [[cromolyn sodium]], [[cyclosporine]], [[cyclophosphamide]], [[cytarabine]], [[dantrolene]], [[daunorubicin]], [[doxorubicin]], [[5-fluorouracil]], [[hydantoin]], [[hydralazine]], [[isoniazid]], [[mesalazine]], [[methyldopa]], [[methysergide]], [[minoxidil]], [[penicillin]], [[phenylbutazone]], [[practolol]], [[procainamide]], [[procainamide]], [[reserpine]], [[streptokinase]], [[streptomycin]], [[sulfa drugs]], [[thiazides]], [[thiouracil]], [[thrombolytics]], [[tocainide]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aminosalicylic acid]], [[amiodarone]], [[anticoagulants]], [[bromocriptine]], [[cromolyn sodium]], [[certolizumab pegol]], [[cyclosporine]], [[cyclophosphamide]], [[cytarabine]], [[dantrolene]], [[daunorubicin]], [[doxorubicin]], [[Doxycycline]], [[5-fluorouracil]], [[hydantoin]], [[hydralazine]], [[isoniazid]], [[mesalazine]], [[methyldopa]], [[methysergide]], [[minoxidil]], [[Olsalazine]], [[penicillin]], [[Pergolide]], [[phenylbutazone]], [[practolol]], [[pramipexole]], [[procainamide]], [[procainamide]], [[reserpine]], [[ropinirole]], [[streptokinase]], [[streptomycin]], [[sulfa drugs]], [[Thalidomide]], [[thiazides]], [[thiouracil]], [[thrombolytics]], [[tocainide]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 78: / Line 88: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Infectious Disease'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Actinomycosis]], [[adenovirus]], [[alveolar hydatid disease]], [[amebiasis]], [[aspergillus]], [[blastomycosis]], [[borrelia]], [[brucellosis]], [[candida]], [[coccidiomycosis]], [[coxsackie B virus]], [[cytomegalovirus]], [[ECHO virus]], [[E.coli]], [[EBV]], [[echinococcus]], [[echovirus]], [[entamoeba histolytica]], [[francisella]], [[haemophilus influenza]], [[hepatitis B]], [[histoplasmosis]], [[HIV]], [[infectious mononucleosis]], [[influenza]], [[klebsiella]], [[legionella]], [[Lyme disease]], [[meningococci]], [[mumps]], [[mycobacterium tuberculosis]], [[mycoplasma]], [[neisseria]], [[nocardia]], [[pneumococcus]], [[proteus]], [[pseudomonas]], [[rickettsia]], [[salmonella]], [[staphylococcus]], [[streptococcus]], [[toxoplasmosis]], [[tularemia]], [[varicella]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Actinomycosis]], [[adenovirus]], [[alveolar hydatid disease]], [[amebiasis]], [[aspergillus]], [[blastomycosis]], [[borrelia]], [[brucellosis]], [[candida]], [[chlamydia psittaci]], [[coccidiomycosis]], [[coxsackie B virus]], [[cytomegalovirus]], [[E.coli]], [[EBV]], [[echinococcus]], [[ECHO virus]], [[entamoeba histolytica]], [[francisella]], [[haemophilus influenza]], [[hepatitis B]], [[herpes viruses]], [[histoplasmosis]], [[HIV]], [[infectious mononucleosis]], [[influenza]], [[klebsiella]], [[legionella]], [[Lyme disease]], [[meningococci]], [[mumps]], [[mycobacterium tuberculosis]], [[mycoplasma]], [[neisseria]], [[nocardia]], [[pneumococcus]], [[proteus]], [[pseudomonas]], [[rickettsia]], [[salmonella]], [[staphylococcus]], [[streptococcus]], [[toxoplasmosis]], [[tularemia]], [[ureaplasma]], [[varicella]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 98: / Line 108: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Oncologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Breast cancer]], [[carcinoid]], [[fibroma]], [[Kaposi's sarcoma]], [[leukemia]], [[lung cancer]], [[lymphoma]], [[melanoma]], [[mesothelioma]], [[cardiac tumors|neoplasia that has spread to the pericardium]], [[ovarian cancer]], [[sarcoma]], [[Sipple syndrome]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Angioma]], [[breast cancer]], [[carcinoid]], [[fibroma]], [[Kaposi's sarcoma]], [[leiomyoma]], [[leukemia]], [[lipoma]], [[lung cancer]], [[lymphoma]], [[melanoma]], [[mesothelioma]], [[cardiac tumors|neoplasia that has spread to the pericardium]], [[ovarian cancer]], [[rhabdomyosarcoma]], [[sarcoma]], [[Sipple syndrome]], [[teratoma]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 134: / Line 144: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Urologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Renal Failure]], [[uremia]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Renal failure]], [[uremia]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 143: / Line 153: @@
 ===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
-{{MultiCol}}
 *[[5-Fluorouracil]]
 *[[Actinomycosis]]
@@ Line 155: / Line 163: @@
 *[[Amiodarone]]
 *[[Amyloidosis]]
+*[[Angioma]]
 *[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
 *[[Anticoagulants]]
@@ Line 169: / Line 178: @@
 *[[Cardiac catheterization]]
 *[[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation]]
-*[[catheter ablation|Cathether ablation for arrhythmias]]
+*[[Catheter ablation|Cathether ablation for arrhythmias]]
+*[[Certolizumab pegol]]
+*[[Chlamydia psittaci]]
 *[[Cholesterol pericarditis]]
 *[[Chylopericardium]]
@@ Line 191: / Line 202: @@
 *[[Echinococcosis]]
 *[[ECHO virus]]
-{{ColBreak}}
 *[[Endocarditis]]
 *[[Esophageal rupture]]
@@ Line 202: / Line 211: @@
 *[[Gaucher disease]]
 *[[Heart surgery]]
+*[[Herpes viruses]]
 *[[Histoplasmosis]]
 *[[HIV]]
@@ Line 215: / Line 225: @@
 *[[Kaposi's sarcoma]]
 *[[Kawasaki disease]]
+*[[Leiomyoma]]
 *[[Legionella]]
 *[[Leukemia]]
+*[[Lipoma]]
 *[[Lung cancer]]
 *[[Lymphoma]]
@@ Line 230: / Line 242: @@
 *[[Mumps virus]]
 *[[Mycoplasma]]
+*[[Myocardial rupture]]
 *[[Myocarditis]]
 *[[Myxedema]]
@@ Line 239: / Line 252: @@
 *[[Penicillin]]
 *[[Percutaneous coronary intervention]]
-{{ColBreak}}
+*[[Pergolide]]
 *[[Phenylbutazone]]
 *[[Pneumococci]]
@@ Line 252: / Line 264: @@
 *[[Radiation therapy]]
 *[[Recurrent hereditary polyserositis]]
+*[[Rhabdomyosarcoma]]
 *[[Reiter's syndrome]]
 *[[Renal failure]]
@@ Line 271: / Line 284: @@
 *[[TAVI]]
 *[[Temporal arteritis]]
+*[[Teratoma]]
 *[[Thiazides]]
 *[[Thiouracil]]
@@ Line 280: / Line 294: @@
 *[[Treponema pallidum]]
 *[[Tuberculosis]]
+*[[Ureaplasma]]
 *[[Uremia]]
 *[[Vaccines|Vaccines (smallpox, yellow fever)]]
@@ Line 286: / Line 301: @@
 *[[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
 *[[Whipple's Disease]]
-{{EndMultiCol}}
+=== Summery of causes ===
+{{familytree/start |summary=Sample 6}}
+{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 |A01='''Pericarditis classification based on etiology'''}}
+{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | }}
+{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | B01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | B02 | | |B01='''Infectious causes'''|B02='''Non-infectious causes'''}}
+{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| }}
+{{familytree | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| }}
+{{familytree | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| }}
+{{familytree | | | | C01 | | C02 | | C03 | | C04 | | C05 | | | C06 | | C07 | | C08 | | C09 | | C10 |C01='''Viral:'''
+Enteroviruses(coxsackieviruses, echoviruses)
+Herpes viruses(EBV, CMV, HHV-6)
+Adenoviruses
+Parvovirus B19|C02='''Bacterial:'''
+Mycobacterium tuberculosis
+Coxiella burnetii
+Borrelia burgdorferi|C03='''Fungal:'''
+Histoplasma species
+Aspergillus species
+Blastomyces species
+Candida species|C04='''Parasitic:'''
+Echinococcus species
+Toxoplasma species|C05='''Autoimmune:'''
+Systemic autoimmune and auto-inflammatory diseases
+Systemic vasculitides
+Sarcoidosis
+Familial Mediterranean fever
+IBD
+Still disease|C06='''Neoplastic:'''
+Primary tumours (pericardial mesothelioma)
+secondary metastatic tumors( lung and breast cancer, lymphoma)|C07='''Metabolic:'''
+Uraemia
+Myxoedema
+Anorexia nervosa|C08='''Traumatic and Iatrogenic'''|C09='''Drug-related'''|C10='''Others:'''
+Amyloidosis
+Aortic dissection
+Pulmonary arterial
+Hypertension
+Chronic heart failure
+Congenital absence of the pericardium}}
+{{familytree/end}}
 ==References==
 {{reflist|2}}
+{{WH}}
+{{WS}}
+[[Category:Medicine]]
 [[Category:Cardiology]]
+[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
 [[Category:Emergency medicine]]
 [[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
-[[Category:Differential diagnosis]]
-[[Category:Infectious disease]]
-[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
-[[Category:Up-To-Date cardiology]]
-[[Category:Disease]]
-[[Category:Best pages]]
-[[Category:Diseases involving the fasciae]]
-[[Category:Inflammations]]
-{{WH}}
-{{WS}}