Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
m (Changes made per Mahshid's request)
 
(38 intermediate revisions by 7 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{CMG}}
{{MERS}}
{{About1|Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus}}


==Overview==
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{YD}}; {{Rim}}, {{JS}}, {{AL}}


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
{{SK}} MERS, MERS-CoV infection, ''Middle East'' respiratory syndrome
* The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first reported to cause human infection in September 2012.  In July 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) International Health Regulations Emergency Committee determined that MERS-CoV did not meet criteria for a "public health emergency of international concern," but was nevertheless of "serious and great concern".


* As of September 20, 2013, a total of 130 cases from eight countries have been reported to WHO; 58 (45%) of these cases have been fatal. All cases have been directly or indirectly linked through travel to or residence in four countries: Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Jordan, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
==[[Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection overview|Overview]]==


* The median age of persons with confirmed MERS-CoV infection is 50 years (range: 2–94 years).
==[[Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==


* The male-to-female ratio is 1.6 to 1.0.
==[[Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==


* Twenty-three (18%) of the cases occurred in persons who were identified as health-care workers.
==[[Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes|Causes]]==


* Although most reported cases involved severe respiratory illness requiring hospitalization, at least 27 (21%) involved mild or no symptoms.
==[[Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection differential diagnosis|Differentiating Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection from Other Diseases]]==


*Despite evidence of person-to-person transmission, the number of contacts infected by persons with confirmed infections appears to be limited. No cases have been reported in the United States, although 82 persons from 29 states have been tested for MERS-CoV infection.
==[[Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==


==Pathophysiology==
==[[Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
Potential animal reservoirs and mechanism(s) of transmission of MERS-CoV to humans remain unclear.  A zoonotic origin for MERS-CoV was initially suggested by high genetic similarity to bat coronaviruses , and some recent reports have described serologic data from camels and the identification of related viruses in bats. However, more epidemiologic data linking cases to infected animals are needed to determine if a particular species is a host, a source of human infection, or both.


==History and Symptoms==
==[[Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==
The symptoms of MERS-CoV infection are:
* [[Fever]] (98%)
* [[Cough]] (83%)
* [[Shortness of breath]] (72%)
* Gastrointestinal symptoms
** [[Diarrhea]] (26%)
** Vomiting (21%


All but two patients (96%) had one or more chronic medical conditions, including [[diabetes]] (68%), [[hypertension]] (34%), [[heart disease]] (28%), and [[kidney disease]] (49%). Thirty-four (72%) had more than one chronic condition
==Diagnosis==


==Prevention==
[[Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection diagnostic criteria|Diagnostic Criteria]] | [[Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection CT|CT]] | [[Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
* Enhancing infection prevention and control awareness and measures is critical to prevent the possible spread of MERS‐CoV in health care facilities. Health‐care facilities that provide care for patients suspected or confirmed to be infected with MERS‐CoV infection should take appropriate measures to decrease the risk of transmission of the [[virus]] from an infected patient to other patients, health‐care workers and visitors.  It is not always possible to identify patients with MERS‐CoV early because some have mild or unusual symptoms. For this reason, it is important that health‐care workers apply standard precautions consistently with all patients – regardless of their diagnosis – in all work practices all the time.
* Urgent investigations are required to better understand the transmission pattern of this virus. The most urgent include detailed [[outbreak]] investigations, [[case‐control studies]] to understand risk factors for infection, enhancing community studies and surveillance of [[pneumonia|community‐acquired pneumonia]] to assess whether significant numbers of mild cases resulting from human to human transmission are being missed, and identifying risk factors for infection in the hospital setting. Detailed information on the surveillance strategy and contact tracing would help understand limitations of current data.
* Although the immediate focus should be on clarifying the magnitude of the human‐to‐human transmission, no control will be possible until the transmission from the animal/environment source to humans is understood and interrupted.  Based on current information, it is prudent for people at high risk of severe disease due to MERS‐CoV, including those with [[diabetes]], chronic [[lung disease]], pre‐existing [[renal failure]], or those who are immunocompromised, to take appropriate precautions when visiting farms, barn areas or market environments where camels are present. These measures might include avoiding contact with camels, good hand hygiene, and avoiding drinking raw milk or eating food that may be contaminated with animal secretions or products unless they are properly washed, peeled, or cooked. For the general public, when visiting a farm or a barn, general hygiene measures, such as regular hand washing before and after touching animals, avoiding contact with sick animals, and following food hygiene practices, should be adhered to.
* WHO recommends increasing efforts to raise awareness of MERS among travelers going to and traveling from MERS‐affected countries but otherwise does not advise special screening at points of entry with regard to this event nor does WHO currently recommend the application of any travel or trade restrictions.


==References==
==Treatment==
{{Reflist|2}}


[[Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection contact and airborne precautions|Contact and Airborne Precautions]] | [[Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]


[[Category:Viral diseases]]
==Case Studies==
[[Category:Zoonoses]]
 
[[Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection case study one|Case #1]]
 
[[Category:Disease]]
 
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Virology]]

Latest revision as of 18:04, 18 September 2017

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Chest X Ray

CT

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Contact and Airborne Precautions

Primary Prevention

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection

CDC on Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in the news

Blogs on Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection

Directions to Hospitals Treating Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection

Risk calculators and risk factors for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection

This page is about clinical aspects of the disease.  For microbiologic aspects of the causative organism(s), see Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus.

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yazan Daaboul, M.D.; Rim Halaby, M.D. [2], João André Alves Silva, M.D. [3], Alejandro Lemor, M.D. [4]

Synonyms and keywords: MERS, MERS-CoV infection, Middle East respiratory syndrome

Overview

Historical Perspective

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection from Other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria | History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Chest X Ray | CT | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Contact and Airborne Precautions | Primary Prevention | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_infection&oldid=1357438"