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{{Lung cancer}}
{{Lung cancer}}


{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' Kim-Son H. Nguyen, M.D., M.P.A., Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, {{CZ}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{KSH}} {{CZ}} {{Rim}} {{SH}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
The vast majority of lung cancers are [[carcinoma]]s—malignancies that arise from [[epithelial cell]]s. There are two main types of lung carcinoma, categorized by the size and appearance of the malignant cells seen by a [[histopathology|histopathologist]] under a [[microscope]]: ''non-small cell'' (80.4%) and ''small-cell'' (16.8%) lung carcinoma.<ref name="Travis">{{cite journal | last =Travis | first =WD | coauthors =Travis LB, Devesa SS | title =Lung cancer | journal =Cancer | volume =75 | issue =Suppl. 1 | pages =191–202 | date =Jan 1995 | url = | pmid =8000996 | accessdate = }}</ref> This classification, based on simple [[histology|histological]] criteria, has important implications for clinical management and prognosis of the disease.
Primary lung cancers may be [[Classification|classified]] into [[small cell lung cancer]] (~15%) and [[non small cell lung cancer]] (~85%). [[Non small cell lung cancer]] are a [[heterogeneous]] group of lung cancers that are often grouped together because they share similar clinical features (e.g. [[prognosis]] and management). The 2015 [[World Health Organization|WHO]] [[Histology|histological]] [[classification]] of [[tumors]] of the [[lung]] categorized [[lung]] [[tumors]] into [[malignant]] [[epithelial]] [[tumors]], [[benign]] [[epithelial]] [[tumors]], [[Lymphoproliferative disorders|lymphoproliferative tumors]], miscellaneous [[tumors]], and [[metastatic]] [[tumors]].


==Classification==
==Classification==
Primary lung cancer can be classified into two main categories: small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Primary lung cancers may be [[Classification|classified]] into two main categories:<ref name="WHO">{{cite book | last = Travis | first = William | title = Pathology and genetics of tumours of the lung, pleura, thymus, and heart | publisher = IARC Press | location = Lyon | year = 2004 | isbn = 9283224183 }}</ref>
*[[Small cell lung cancer]] (~15%)
*[[Non small cell lung cancer]] (~85%).


{{Family tree/start}}
{{Family tree/start}}
{{familytree | | | A01 | | | A01= '''Lung cancer'''}}
{{familytree | | | A01 | | | A01= '''Lung Cancer'''}}
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|.| | }}
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|.| | }}
{{familytree | B01 | | B02 | B01= <div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 30em; padding:1em;">'''[[Small cell lung cancer]] (~15%) '''</div>| B02= <div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 30em; padding:1em;">'''[[Non small cell lung cancer]] (~85%)'''<br>
{{familytree | B01 | | |!| | B01= <div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 30em; padding:1em;">'''[[Small cell lung cancer]] (~15%) '''</div>}}
[[Squamous cell carcinoma]] (25% of lung cancers) <br>
 
[[Adenocarcinoma]] (40% of lung cancers) <br>
{{familytree | | | | | B02 | B02= <div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 30em; padding:1em;">'''[[Non small cell lung cancer]] (~85%)'''<br>
[[Large cell carcinoma]] (10% of lung cancers) <br>
*[[Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung|Squamous cell carcinoma]] (25% of lung cancers) <br>
Adenosquamous carcinoma <br>
*[[Adenocarcinoma of the lung|Adenocarcinoma]] (40% of lung cancers).
Carcinomas with pleomorphic, sarcomatoid, or sarcomatous elements <br>
*[[Large cell carcinoma of the lung|Large cell carcinoma]] (10% of lung cancers)
Carcinoid tumor <br>
*Other non-small cell lung carcinomas:
Carcinomas of salivary gland type<br>
:*[[Adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung|Adenosquamous carcinoma]] <br>
Unclassified carcinoma </div>}}
:*[[Carcinomas with pleomorphic, sarcomatoid, or sarcomatous elements]] <br>
:*[[Carcinoid tumor of the lung|Carcinoid tumor]] <br>
:*[[Lung carcinoma of salivary gland type|Lung carcinoma of salivary gland type]]<br>
:*[[Unclassified carcinoma of the lung|Unclassified carcinoma]] </div>}}
{{Family tree/end}}
{{Family tree/end}}


===Small Cell Lung Cancer===
==WHO Histological Classification of Tumors of the Lung ==
* [[Small cell carcinoma|Small cell lung carcinoma]] (SCLC, also called "oat cell carcinoma") is less common. It tends to arise in the larger breathing tubes and grows rapidly, becoming quite large.
The [[World Health Organization]] ([[World Health Organization|WHO]]) [[Classification|classifies]] [[tumors]] of the [[lungs]] as follows:<ref name="WHO">{{cite book | last = Travis | first = William | title = Pathology and genetics of tumours of the lung, pleura, thymus, and heart | publisher = IARC Press | location = Lyon | year = 2004 | isbn = 9283224183 }}</ref><ref name="urlwww.jto.org">{{cite web |url=https://www.jto.org/article/S1556-0864(15)33571-1/pdf |title=www.jto.org |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>


* The "oat" cell contains dense neurosecretory granules ([[vesicle (biology)|vesicles]] containing [[neuroendocrine]] [[hormone]]s) which give this an endocrine/paraneoplastic syndrome association.<ref name="Rosti">{{cite journal | last=Rosti | first=G | coauthors=Bevilacqua G, Bidoli P et al. | title=Small cell lung cancer | journal=Annals of Oncology | volume=17 | issue=Suppl. 2 | pages=5–10 | date =Mar 2006 | url=http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/17/suppl_2/ii5 | pmid=16608983 | doi=10.1093/annonc/mdj910 | accessdate=2007-09-06 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
 
|+
* While initially more sensitive to chemotherapy, it ultimately carries a worse prognosis and is often metastatic at presentation. This type of lung cancer is strongly associated with smoking.<ref name="Barbone">{{cite journal | last =Barbone | first =F | coauthors=Bovenzi M, Cavallieri F, Stanta G | title =Cigarette smoking and histologic type of lung cancer in men | journal =Chest | volume =112| issue=6 | pages =1474–1479 | publisher =American College of Chest Physicians | date =Dec 1997 | url =http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/reprint/112/6/1474 | format = PDF | accessdate = 2007-09-07 | pmid = 9404741 }}</ref>
! colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" ! | WHO Classification of Lung Tumors
 
|-
===Non Small Cell Lung Cancer===
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Histological type
* The non-small cell lung carcinomas are grouped together because their prognosis and management are similar. There are three main sub-types: [[squamous cell carcinoma|squamous cell lung carcinoma]], [[adenocarcinoma]] and large cell lung carcinoma.
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Subtype
 
|-
* Accounting for 31.1% of lung cancers,<ref name="Travis"/> squamous cell lung carcinoma usually starts near a central [[bronchus]]. Cavitation and [[necrosis]] within the center of the cancer is a common finding. Well-differentiated squamous cell lung cancers often grow more slowly than other cancer types.<ref name="Cancer Medicine">{{cite book | last =Vaporciyan | first =AA | coauthors =Nesbitt JC, Lee JS et al. | title =Cancer Medicine | publisher=B C Decker Inc. | date =2000 | pages =1227–1292 | isbn =1-55009-113-1 }}</ref>
! colspan="2" style="background: #707070; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Epithelial tumors
 
|-
* Adenocarcinoma accounts for 29.4% of lung cancers.<ref name="Travis"/> It usually originates in peripheral lung tissue. Most cases of adenocarcinoma are associated with smoking. However, among people who have never smoked ("never-smokers"), adenocarcinoma is the most common form of lung cancer.<ref name="Subramanian">{{cite journal | last =Subramanian | first =J | coauthors =Govindan R | title =Lung cancer in never smokers: a review | journal =Journal of Clinical Oncology | volume =25 | issue =5 | pages =561–570 | publisher =American Society of Clinical Oncology | date =February 2007 | pmid =17290066 }}</ref> A subtype of adenocarcinoma, the [[bronchioloalveolar carcinoma]], is more common in female never-smokers, and may have different responses to treatment.<ref name="Raz">{{cite journal | last =Raz | first =DJ | coauthors =He B, Rosell R, Jablons DM | title =Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma: a review | journal =Clinical Lung Cancer | volume =7 | issue =5 | pages =313–322 | publisher =Cancer Information Group | date =Mar 2006 | pmid =16640802 }}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Adenocarcinoma of the lung|'''Adenocarcinoma''']]
 
|
* Accounting for 10.7% of lung cancers,<ref name="Travis"/> large cell lung carcinoma is a fast-growing form that develops near the surface of the lung.<ref name="Veronesi">{{cite journal | author=Veronesi G | coauthors= Morandi U, Alloisio M et al. | title=Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung: a retrospective analysis of 144 surgical cases | journal=Lung Cancer | volume=53 | issue=1 | pages=111–115 | date =Jul 2006 | pmid=16697073 | doi=10.1016/j.lungcan.2006.03.007 }}</ref> It is often poorly [[cellular differentiation|differentiated]] and tends to [[metastasis|metastasize]] early.<ref name="Cancer Medicine"/>
*[[Lepidic adenocarcinoma of the lung|Lepidic adenocarcinoma]]
 
*[[Acinar adenocarcinoma of the lung|Acinar adenocarcinoma]]
====WHO/IASLC Histologic Classification of NSCLC====
*[[Papillary adenocarcinoma of the lung|Papillary adenocarcinoma]]
* Squamous cell carcinoma  
*[[Micropapillary adenocarcinoma of the lung|Micropapillary adenocarcinoma]]
** Papillary
*[[Solid adenocarcinoma of the lung|Solid adenocarcinoma]]
** Clear cell
*[[Invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung|Invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma]]
** Small cell
** Mixed invasive mucinous
** Basaloid
** Nonmucinous adenocarcinoma
 
*[[Colloid adenocarcinoma of the lung|Colloid adenocarcinoma]]
* Adenocarcinoma
*[[Fetal adenocarcinoma of the lung|Fetal adenocarcinoma]]
** Acinar
*[[Enteric adenocarcinoma of the lung|Enteric adenocarcinoma]]
** Papillary
*[[Minimally invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung|Minimally invasive adenocarcinoma]]
** Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma
** Nonmucinous
*** Nonmucinous
** Mucinous
*** Mucinous
* Pre-[[Invasive (medical)|invasive]] [[Lesion|lesions]]
*** Mixed mucinous and nonmucinous or indeterminate cell type
**[[Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the lung|Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia]]
** Solid adenocarcinoma with mucin
**[[Adenocarcinoma of the lung|Adenocarcinoma]] in situ
** Adenocarcinoma with mixed subtypes
*** Nonmucinous
** Variants
*** Mucinous
*** Well-differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma
|-
*** Mucinous (colloid) adenocarcinoma
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung|Squamous cell carcinoma]]'''
*** Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
|
*** Signet ring adenocarcinoma
* Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma
*** Clear cell adenocarcinoma
* Nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma
* Large cell carcinoma
* Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma
** Variants
* Pre-[[Invasive (medical)|invasive]] [[lesion]]  
*** Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC)
** Squamous cell carcinoma in situ
*** Combined LCNEC
|-
*** Basaloid carcinoma
! colspan="2" style="background: #707070; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Neuroendocrine tumors'''
*** Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma
|-
*** Clear cell carcinoma
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Small cell carcinoma of the lung|Small cell carcinoma]]'''
*** Large cell carcinoma with rhabdoid phenotype
|
* Adenosquamous carcinoma
* Combined [[Small cell carcinoma of lung|small cell carcinoma]]
* Carcinomas with pleomorphic, sarcomatoid, or sarcomatous elements
|-
* Carcinomas with spindle and/or giant cells
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung|Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma]]'''
** Spindle cell carcinoma
|
** Giant cell carcinoma
* Combined [[Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung|large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma]]
** Carcinosarcoma
|-
** Pulmonary blastoma
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Carcinoid syndrome|Carcinoid tumors]]'''
* Carcinoid tumor
|
** Typical carcinoid
*[[Carcinoid tumor|Typical carcinoid tumor]]
** Atypical carcinoid
*[[Carcinoid tumor|Atypical carcinoid tumor]]
* Carcinomas of salivary gland type
|-
** Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Pre-[[Invasive (medical)|invasive]] [[lesion]]'''
** Adenoid cystic carcinoma
|
** Others
*[[Diffuse]] [[idiopathic]] [[Lung|pulmonary]] [[neuroendocrine cell]] [[hyperplasia]]
* Unclassified carcinoma
|-
-----
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Large cell carcinoma of the lung|Large cell carcinoma]]'''
{| class="wikitable floatleft" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;width:45%;margin-left:1em"
|
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;background:#E5AFAA;"|'''Frequency of histological types of lung cancer'''<ref name="Travis"/>
* N/A
|- style="background: #E5AFAA;text-align:center;font-size:90%;"
|-
! Histological type
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Adenosquamous carcinoma]]'''
! Frequency (%)
|
* N/A
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung|Sarcomatoid carcinomas]]'''
|
*[[Pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung|Pleomorphic carcinoma]]
*[[Spindle cell carcinoma of the lung|Spindle cell carcinoma]]
*[[Giant cell carcinoma of the lung|Giant cell carcinoma]]
*[[Carcinosarcoma of the lung|Carcinosarcoma]]
*[[Pulmonary blastoma of the lung|Pulmonary blastoma]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Other and [[Classification|Unclassified]] [[Carcinoma|carcinomas]]'''
|
*[[Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the lung|Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma]]
* NUT carcinoma
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Salivary gland]]-type [[Tumor|tumors]]'''
|
*[[Mucoepidermoid carcinoma]]
* Adenoid cystic carcinoma
*[[Epithelium|Epithelial]]-[[myoepithelial]] [[carcinoma]]
*[[Pleomorphic adenoma]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Papilloma|Papillomas]]'''
|
*[[Squamous cell papilloma]]
** Exophytic
** Inverted
*[[Gland|Glandular]] [[papilloma]]
* Mixed [[squamous]] and [[Gland|glandular]] [[papilloma]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Adenoma|Adenomas]]'''
|
* Sclerosing pneumocytoma
*[[Alveolar]] [[adenoma]]
*[[Papilla|Papillary]] [[adenoma]]
*[[Mucinous cystadenoma]]
*[[Mucous gland]] [[adenoma]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #707070; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Mesenchymal tumors'''
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hamartoma|'''Pulmonary hamartoma''']]
|
* N/A
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Chondroma]]'''
|
* N/A
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[PEComa|PEComatous tumors]]'''
|
* [[Lymphangiomyomatosis|Lymphangioleiomyomatosis]]
* [[PEComa]] (benign)
**[[Clear cell tumor]]
*[[PEComa]] ([[malignant]])
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Congenital peribronchial myofibroblastic tumor'''
|
* N/A
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Diffuse [[Lung|pulmonary]] [[lymphangiomatosis]]'''
|
* N/A
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Inflammation|Inflammatory]] [[Myofibroblast|myofibroblastic]] [[tumor]]'''
|
* N/A
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Vascular tumor|'''Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma''']]
|
* N/A
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pleuropulmonary blastoma|'''Pleuropulmonary blastoma''']]
|
* N/A
|-
|-
| Non-small cell lung carcinoma
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Synovial sarcoma]]'''
| 80.4
|
* N/A
|-
|-
| Small cell lung carcinoma
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Pulmonary artery]] [[Tunica intima|intimal]] [[sarcoma]]'''
| 16.8
|
* N/A
|-
|-
| [[Carcinoid]]<ref>{{cite journal | last =Morandi | first =U | coauthors =Casali C, Rossi G | title =Bronchial typical carcinoid tumors | journal =Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery | volume =18 | issue =3 | pages =191–198 | date =2006 | pmid =17185178 }}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Pulmonary myxoid sarcoma with EWSR1–CREB1 [[translocation]]'''
| 0.8
|
* N/A
|-
|-
| [[Sarcoma]]<ref>{{cite journal | last =Etienne-Mastroianni | first =B | coauthors = Falchero L, Chalabreysse L et al. | title =Primary sarcomas of the lung: a clinicopathologic study of 12 cases | journal =Lung Cancer | volume =38 | issue =3 | pages =283–289 | date =Dec 2002 | pmid =12445750 }}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | '''[[Myoepithelial]] [[Tumor|tumors]]'''
| 0.1
|
*[[Myoepithelial cells|Myoepithelioma]]
*[[Myoepithelial]] [[carcinoma]]
|-
|-
| Unspecified lung cancer
! colspan="2" style="background: #707070; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Lymphohistiocytic tumors'''
| 1.9
|}
 
 
==== Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) ====
 
{| class="wikitable floatleft" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;width:45%;margin-left:1em"
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;background:#E5AFAA;"|'''Sub-types of non-small cell lung cancer'''<ref name="Travis"/>
|- style="background: #E5AFAA;text-align:center;font-size:90%;"
! colspan="2" | Histological sub-type !! Frequency of all lung cancers (%)
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | Squamous cell lung carcinoma
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Extranodal marginal zone lymphomas of [[MALT lymphoma|mucosa-associated Lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma)]]'''
| 31.1
|
* N/A
|-
|-
| rowspan="7" valign="top" | Adenocarcinoma
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Diffuse large cell [[lymphoma]]'''
| Adenocarcinoma (not otherwise specified)
|
| 23.2
* N/A
|-
|-
| [[Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Lymphomatoid granulomatosis|'''Lymphomatoid granulomatosis''']]
| 3.0
|
* N/A
|-
|-
| Adenosquamous carcinoma
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Intravascular large [[B cell]] [[lymphoma]]'''
| 1.2
|
* N/A
|-
|-
| Papillary adenocarcinoma
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Lung|Pulmonary]] [[Langerhans cell histiocytosis]]'''
| 0.7
|
* N/A
|-
|-
| Mucoepidermoid carcinoma<ref>{{cite journal | last =Sánchez-Mora | first =N | coauthors =Parra-Blanco V, Cebollero-Presmanes M et al. | title =Mucoepidermoid tumors of the bronchus. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study | journal =Histology and Histopathology | volume =22 | issue =1 | pages =9–13 | date =Jan 2007 | pmid =17128406 }}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Erdheim-Chester disease'''
| 0.1
|
* N/A
|-
|-
| Adenoid cystic carcinoma<ref>{{cite journal | last =Moran | first =CA | coauthors =Suster S, Koss MN | title =Primary adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lung. A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 16 cases | journal =Cancer | volume =73 | issue =5 | pages =1390–1397 | date =Mar 1994 | pmid =7509254 }}</ref>
! colspan="2" style="background: #707070; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Tumors of ectopic origin'''
| 0.04
|-
|-
| Other specified adenocarcinoma
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Germ cell tumor|Germ cell tumors]]'''
| 1.1
|
* Mature [[teratoma]]
* Immature [[teratoma]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | Large cell carcinoma
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Pulmonary|Intrapulmonary]] [[thymoma]]'''
| 10.7
|
* N/A
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | Giant cell and spindle cell carcinoma
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Melanoma]]'''
| 0.4
|
* N/A
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | Other/unspecified non-small cell lung carcinoma
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Meningioma]], [[NOS]]'''
| 8.9
|
* N/A
|}
|}
===Metastatic Cancersa===
* The lung is a common place for [[metastasis]] from tumors in other parts of the body.  These cancers are identified by the site of origin, thus a breast cancer metastasis to the lung is still known as breast cancer. They often have a characteristic round appearance on chest x-ray.<ref name="Seo">{{cite journal | last =Seo | first =JB | coauthors=Im JG, Goo JM et al. | title =Atypical pulmonary metastases: spectrum of radiologic findings | journal =Radiographics | volume =21 | issue=2 | pages =403–417 | date =2001 | url =http://radiographics.rsnajnls.org/cgi/content/full/21/2/403 | accessdate = 2007-09-10 | pmid = 11259704 }}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Kim-Son H. Nguyen M.D. Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2] Rim Halaby, M.D. [3] Dildar Hussain, MBBS [4]

Overview

Primary lung cancers may be classified into small cell lung cancer (~15%) and non small cell lung cancer (~85%). Non small cell lung cancer are a heterogeneous group of lung cancers that are often grouped together because they share similar clinical features (e.g. prognosis and management). The 2015 WHO histological classification of tumors of the lung categorized lung tumors into malignant epithelial tumors, benign epithelial tumors, lymphoproliferative tumors, miscellaneous tumors, and metastatic tumors.

Classification

Primary lung cancers may be classified into two main categories:[1]

 
 
Lung Cancer
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

WHO Histological Classification of Tumors of the Lung

The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies tumors of the lungs as follows:[1][2]

WHO Classification of Lung Tumors
Histological type Subtype
Epithelial tumors
Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma
  • Nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma
  • Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma
  • Pre-invasive lesion
    • Squamous cell carcinoma in situ
Neuroendocrine tumors
Small cell carcinoma
Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma
Carcinoid tumors
Pre-invasive lesion
Large cell carcinoma
  • N/A
Adenosquamous carcinoma
  • N/A
Sarcomatoid carcinomas
Other and Unclassified carcinomas
Salivary gland-type tumors
Papillomas
Adenomas
Mesenchymal tumors
Pulmonary hamartoma
  • N/A
Chondroma
  • N/A
PEComatous tumors
Congenital peribronchial myofibroblastic tumor
  • N/A
Diffuse pulmonary lymphangiomatosis
  • N/A
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor
  • N/A
Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma
  • N/A
Pleuropulmonary blastoma
  • N/A
Synovial sarcoma
  • N/A
Pulmonary artery intimal sarcoma
  • N/A
Pulmonary myxoid sarcoma with EWSR1–CREB1 translocation
  • N/A
Myoepithelial tumors
Lymphohistiocytic tumors
Extranodal marginal zone lymphomas of mucosa-associated Lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma)
  • N/A
Diffuse large cell lymphoma
  • N/A
Lymphomatoid granulomatosis
  • N/A
Intravascular large B cell lymphoma
  • N/A
Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis
  • N/A
Erdheim-Chester disease
  • N/A
Tumors of ectopic origin
Germ cell tumors
Intrapulmonary thymoma
  • N/A
Melanoma
  • N/A
Meningioma, NOS
  • N/A

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Travis, William (2004). Pathology and genetics of tumours of the lung, pleura, thymus, and heart. Lyon: IARC Press. ISBN 9283224183.
  2. ↑ "www.jto.org".

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