Esophageal cancer epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Esophageal cancer is a relatively rare form of cancer, but some world areas have a markedly higher incidence than others: China, India and Japan, as well as the United Kingdom, appear to have a higher incidence, as well as the region around the Caspian Sea.<ref name=Stewart>Stewart BW, Kleihues P (editors). ''World cancer report''. Lyon: [[International Agency for Research on Cancer|IARC]], 2003. ISBN 92-832-0411-5.</ref>


The American Cancer Society estimates that during 2007, approximately 15,560 new esophageal cancer cases will be diagnosed in the United States.<ref name=ACS>{{cite web | author =  | title = What Are the Key Statistics About Cancer of the Esophagus? | work =Detailed Guide: Esophagus Cancer | url=http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_1x_what_are_the_key_statistics_for_esophagus_cancer_12.asp?sitearea=cri | year = 2006 | month= Aug | publsiher=American Cancer Society | accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref>
Esophageal cancer is the 6th leading cause of death from cancer and the 8th most common cancer in the world. The [[prevalence]] of esophageal cancer worldwide is about 3.5 per 100,000. In the United States, about 17000 new cases are diagnosed every year and 4.2 per 100,000 Americans has esophageal cancer. Esophageal cancer is mostly present in the "Asian belt" region which includes, China, Japan, India and Iran.
 
The esophageal cancer incidence and mortality rates for people of African-Americans have been higher than the rate for Caucasians. <ref name=can-gov>{{cite web | author =  | title = Incidence and Mortality Rate Trends | work =A Snapshot of Esophageal Cancer | url=http://planning.cancer.gov/disease/Esophageal-Snapshot.pdf | year = 2006 | month= Sep | publsiher=National Cancer Institute | accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref>  According to the NCI, incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, which is associated with Barrett's esophagus, is rising in the United States. This type is more common in Caucasian men over the age of 60.
 
Multiple reports indicate that esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence has increased during the past 20 yr, especially in non-Hispanic white men. Esophageal adenocarcinoma age-adjusted incidence increased in New Mexico from 1973 to 1997. This increase was found in non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics and became predominant in non-Hispanic whites. <ref name=synergy>{{cite web | author = Kenneth J. Vega, M.D., M. Mazen JamaM.D.l | title =Changing pattern of esophageal cancer incidence in New Mexico | work =Changing pattern of esophageal cancer incidence in New Mexico | url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.02329.x?cookieSet=1&journalCode=ajg | year = 2000 | month= Sep | publsiher=The American Journal of Gastroenterology | accessdate=2007-03-21}}</ref>


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Prevalence===
 
* In the United States, the age adjusted prevalence of invasive esophageal cancer is 0.0086% in 2011.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
 
===Incidence===
===Incidence===
*The [[incidence]] of esophageal cancer is approximately 3.5 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.<ref name="pmid24039351">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang Y |title=Epidemiology of esophageal cancer |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=19 |issue=34 |pages=5598–606 |year=2013 |pmid=24039351 |pmc=3769895 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598 |url=}}</ref>
*The [[incidence]] of invasive esophageal cancer was 4.2 per 100,000 individuals in the United States.
*The [[American Cancer Society]] estimates that by the end of 2017, there will be 16,960 new cases of esophageal cancer in the United States .


* The delay-adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer in 2011 was estimated to be 4.51 per 100,000 persons in the United States.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
===Prevalence===
*In 2014, the [[prevalence]] of esophageal cancer was estimated to be 7.25 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.<ref name="pmid24039351">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang Y |title=Epidemiology of esophageal cancer |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=19 |issue=34 |pages=5598–606 |year=2013 |pmid=24039351 |pmc=3769895 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598 |url=}}</ref>


* In 2011, the age-adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer was 4.45 per 100,000 persons in the United States.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
===Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate===
*Between 2010 - 2014, the [[incidence]] of esophageal cancer in the United States was approximately 4.2 per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate/mortality rate of 4.1 per 100,000 individuals.<ref name="pmid24039351">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang Y |title=Epidemiology of esophageal cancer |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=19 |issue=34 |pages=5598–606 |year=2013 |pmid=24039351 |pmc=3769895 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598 |url=}}</ref>
*Mortality rates from esophageal cancer are higher in blacks and white females than white males.<ref name="pmid240393514">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang Y |title=Epidemiology of esophageal cancer |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=19 |issue=34 |pages=5598–606 |year=2013 |pmid=24039351 |pmc=3769895 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598 |url=}}</ref>


===Age===
===Age===
*The [[incidence]] of esophageal cancer increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 67 years.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref><ref name="pmid240393513">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang Y |title=Epidemiology of esophageal cancer |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=19 |issue=34 |pages=5598–606 |year=2013 |pmid=24039351 |pmc=3769895 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598 |url=}}</ref> 
*The age-adjusted [[incidence]] of invasive esophageal cancer worldwide by age category is:
**Under 65 years: 1.8 per 100,000
**65 and over: 22.5 per 100,000


* While the overall age adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer in the United States between 2007 and 2011 is 4.4 per 100,000, the age-adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by age category is:<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
===Race===
** Under 65 years: 1.8 per 100,000
*Esophageal [[adenocarcinoma]] usually affects individuals of the Caucasian race, whilst Black individuals are more likely to develop esophagus [[squamous cell carcinoma]]. <ref name="pmid16334494">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baquet CR, Commiskey P, Mack K, Meltzer S, Mishra SI |title=Esophageal cancer epidemiology in blacks and whites: racial and gender disparities in incidence, mortality, survival rates and histology |journal=J Natl Med Assoc |volume=97 |issue=11 |pages=1471–8 |year=2005 |pmid=16334494 |pmc=2594901 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** 65 and over: 22.5 per 100,000
*More Black individuals are diagnosed with esophageal cancer then Caucasian individuals overall.<ref name="pmid240393512">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang Y |title=Epidemiology of esophageal cancer |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=19 |issue=34 |pages=5598–606 |year=2013 |pmid=24039351 |pmc=3769895 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598 |url=}}</ref>
* In the United States, 68.5% of Caucasian subjects with esophageal cancer had [[adenocarcinoma]], whereas 80% of black individuals affected with esophageal cancer had [[squamous cell carcinoma]].


===Gender===
===Gender===
*Men are more commonly affected by esophageal cancer than women. The male to female ratio is approximately 4 to 1.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>


* In the United States, the age adjusted prevalence of invasive esophageal cancer by gender in 2011 is:<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
===Region===
** In males: 0.0147%
*The majority of esophageal cancer cases are reported in in the area of the “Asian belt” which includes China, Japan, India, Iran, Turkey, among other Middle Eastern countries.<ref name="pmid23374478">{{cite journal| author=Pennathur A, Gibson MK, Jobe BA, Luketich JD| title=Oesophageal carcinoma. | journal=Lancet | year= 2013 | volume= 381 | issue= 9864 | pages= 400-12 | pmid=23374478 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60643-6 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23374478}}</ref>
** In females: 0.0036%
*In China, the incidence rate of esophageal cancer is 16.7 per 100 000 population.<ref name="pmid23629646">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin Y, Totsuka Y, He Y, Kikuchi S, Qiao Y, Ueda J, Wei W, Inoue M, Tanaka H |title=Epidemiology of esophageal cancer in Japan and China |journal=J Epidemiol |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=233–42 |year=2013 |pmid=23629646 |pmc=3709543 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


* In the United States, the delay-adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by gender in 2011 is:<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
===Developing Countries vs. Developed Countries===
** In males: 7.83 per 100,000 persons
*Worldwide, the predominant type of esophageal cancer is [[squamous cell carcinoma]].<ref name="pmid24039351">{{cite journal| author=Zhang Y| title=Epidemiology of esophageal cancer. | journal=World J Gastroenterol | year= 2013 | volume= 19 | issue= 34 | pages= 5598-606 | pmid=24039351 | doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598 | pmc=PMC3769895 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24039351}} </ref>  
** In females: 1.83 per 100,000 persons
*However, the rate of [[adenocarcinoma]] outnumbers [[squamous cell carcinoma]] in developed countries like the United States and some European countries.
 
*[[Squamous cell carcinoma]] is predominant in developing countries.
* In the United States, the age-adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by gender on 2011 is:<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
** In males: 7.72 per 100,000 persons
** In females: 1.80 per 100,000 persons
 
Shown below is an image depicting the delay-adjusted incidence and observed incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by gender and race in the United States between 1975 and 2011.  These graphs are adapted from [[SEER]]: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program of the National Cancer Institute.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
 
[[Image:Delay adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by gender and race in the United States.PNG|Delay-adjusted incidence and observed incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by gender and race in the United States between 1975 and 2011]]
 
===Race===
 
* Shown below is a table depicting the age adjusted prevalence of invasive esophageal cancer by race in 2011 in the United States.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
 
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|-
|style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center | || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''All Races''' ||style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''White''' || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''Black''' || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''Asian/Pacific Islander'''  || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''Hispanic'''
|-
| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''Age-adjusted prevalence'''|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |0.0086% ||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |0.0094%||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |0.0070% ||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 0.0047% ||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |0.0048%
|}
 
Shown below is an image depicting the incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by race in the United States between 1975 and 2011.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
 
[[Image:Incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by race in the United States.PNG|Incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by race in the United States between 1975 and 2011]]
 
===Percent Distribution of invasive esophageal cancer by Histology===
Among patients with histologically confirmed cases of invasive esophageal cancer, the percent distribution of the types of the disease between 2007 and 2011 in the United States are:<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
* [[Carcinoma]]: 99.1%
** [[Epidermoid carcinoma]]: 33.7%
*** [[Squamous cell carcinoma]]: 33.6%
** [[Adenocarcinoma]]: 60.7%
** Other specific carcinoma: 1.5%
** Carcinoma not otherwise specified: 3.2%
* Other specific types: 0.3%
* Unspecified: 0.6%


==References==
==References==
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hadeel Maksoud M.D.[2]

Overview

Esophageal cancer is the 6th leading cause of death from cancer and the 8th most common cancer in the world. The prevalence of esophageal cancer worldwide is about 3.5 per 100,000. In the United States, about 17000 new cases are diagnosed every year and 4.2 per 100,000 Americans has esophageal cancer. Esophageal cancer is mostly present in the "Asian belt" region which includes, China, Japan, India and Iran.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

  • The incidence of esophageal cancer is approximately 3.5 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.[1]
  • The incidence of invasive esophageal cancer was 4.2 per 100,000 individuals in the United States.
  • The American Cancer Society estimates that by the end of 2017, there will be 16,960 new cases of esophageal cancer in the United States .

Prevalence

  • In 2014, the prevalence of esophageal cancer was estimated to be 7.25 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.[1]

Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate

  • Between 2010 - 2014, the incidence of esophageal cancer in the United States was approximately 4.2 per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate/mortality rate of 4.1 per 100,000 individuals.[1]
  • Mortality rates from esophageal cancer are higher in blacks and white females than white males.[2]

Age

  • The incidence of esophageal cancer increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 67 years.[3][4]
  • The age-adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer worldwide by age category is:
    • Under 65 years: 1.8 per 100,000
    • 65 and over: 22.5 per 100,000

Race

  • Esophageal adenocarcinoma usually affects individuals of the Caucasian race, whilst Black individuals are more likely to develop esophagus squamous cell carcinoma. [5]
  • More Black individuals are diagnosed with esophageal cancer then Caucasian individuals overall.[6]
  • In the United States, 68.5% of Caucasian subjects with esophageal cancer had adenocarcinoma, whereas 80% of black individuals affected with esophageal cancer had squamous cell carcinoma.

Gender

  • Men are more commonly affected by esophageal cancer than women. The male to female ratio is approximately 4 to 1.[3]

Region

  • The majority of esophageal cancer cases are reported in in the area of the “Asian belt” which includes China, Japan, India, Iran, Turkey, among other Middle Eastern countries.[7]
  • In China, the incidence rate of esophageal cancer is 16.7 per 100 000 population.[8]

Developing Countries vs. Developed Countries

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Zhang Y (2013). "Epidemiology of esophageal cancer". World J. Gastroenterol. 19 (34): 5598–606. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598. PMC 3769895. PMID 24039351.
  2. ↑ Zhang Y (2013). "Epidemiology of esophageal cancer". World J. Gastroenterol. 19 (34): 5598–606. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598. PMC 3769895. PMID 24039351.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.
  4. ↑ Zhang Y (2013). "Epidemiology of esophageal cancer". World J. Gastroenterol. 19 (34): 5598–606. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598. PMC 3769895. PMID 24039351.
  5. ↑ Baquet CR, Commiskey P, Mack K, Meltzer S, Mishra SI (2005). "Esophageal cancer epidemiology in blacks and whites: racial and gender disparities in incidence, mortality, survival rates and histology". J Natl Med Assoc. 97 (11): 1471–8. PMC 2594901. PMID 16334494.
  6. ↑ Zhang Y (2013). "Epidemiology of esophageal cancer". World J. Gastroenterol. 19 (34): 5598–606. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598. PMC 3769895. PMID 24039351.
  7. ↑ Pennathur A, Gibson MK, Jobe BA, Luketich JD (2013). "Oesophageal carcinoma". Lancet. 381 (9864): 400–12. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60643-6. PMID 23374478.
  8. ↑ Lin Y, Totsuka Y, He Y, Kikuchi S, Qiao Y, Ueda J, Wei W, Inoue M, Tanaka H (2013). "Epidemiology of esophageal cancer in Japan and China". J Epidemiol. 23 (4): 233–42. PMC 3709543. PMID 23629646.


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