Esophageal cancer epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Compared to other malignancies, cancer of the [[esophagus]] and [[gastroesophageal junction]] is relatively infrequent and ranks as the 8th most common type of cancer.<ref name="pmid23374478">{{cite journal| author=Pennathur A, Gibson MK, Jobe BA, Luketich JD| title=Oesophageal carcinoma. | journal=Lancet | year= 2013 | volume= 381 | issue= 9864 | pages= 400-12 | pmid=23374478 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60643-6 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23374478  }} </ref>  The epidemiology of esophageal carcinoma reflects a geographical distribution of the disease in terms of incidence and histopathological type.  In fact, esophageal cancer is most common in area of the “Asian belt” which includes China, Japan, India, Iran, Turkey, among other Middle Eastern countries.<ref name="pmid23374478">{{cite journal| author=Pennathur A, Gibson MK, Jobe BA, Luketich JD| title=Oesophageal carcinoma. | journal=Lancet | year= 2013 | volume= 381 | issue= 9864 | pages= 400-12 | pmid=23374478 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60643-6 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23374478  }} </ref>  Worldwide, the predominant type of esophageal cancer is squamous cell carcinoma.  However, the rate of adenocarcinoma outnumbers squamous cell carcinoma in the Unites States and some European countries.<ref name="pmid24039351">{{cite journal| author=Zhang Y| title=Epidemiology of esophageal cancer. | journal=World J Gastroenterol | year= 2013 | volume= 19 | issue= 34 | pages= 5598-606 | pmid=24039351 | doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598 | pmc=PMC3769895 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24039351  }} </ref>  Moreover, while squamous cell carcinoma is more common among black individuals, adenocarcinoma is more common among white people.<ref name="pmid24039351">{{cite journal| author=Zhang Y| title=Epidemiology of esophageal cancer. | journal=World J Gastroenterol | year= 2013 | volume= 19 | issue= 34 | pages= 5598-606 | pmid=24039351 | doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598 | pmc=PMC3769895 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24039351  }} </ref>  In 2011, the age-adjusted [[incidence]] of invasive esophageal cancer was 4.45 per 100,000 persons in the United States.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref> The estimated number of new cases in the United States in 2014 is 18.170.<ref name=cancer.gov>[http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/esoph.html Cancer.gov]</ref>
 
Esophageal cancer is the 6th leading cause of death from cancer and the 8th most common cancer in the world. The [[prevalence]] of esophageal cancer worldwide is about 3.5 per 100,000. In the United States, about 17000 new cases are diagnosed every year and 4.2 per 100,000 Americans has esophageal cancer. Esophageal cancer is mostly present in the "Asian belt" region which includes, China, Japan, India and Iran.


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Prevalence===
   
* The prevalence of esophageal cancer differs among countries. In fact, esophageal cancer is most common in area of the “Asian belt” which includes China, Japan, India, Iran, Turkey, among other Middle Eastern countries.<ref name="pmid23374478">{{cite journal| author=Pennathur A, Gibson MK, Jobe BA, Luketich JD| title=Oesophageal carcinoma. | journal=Lancet | year= 2013 | volume= 381 | issue= 9864 | pages= 400-12 | pmid=23374478 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60643-6 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23374478  }} </ref>
* In the United States, the age-adjusted [[prevalence]] of invasive esophageal cancer is 8.6 per 100.000 in 2011.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
 
===Incidence===
===Incidence===
*The [[incidence]] of esophageal cancer is approximately 3.5 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.<ref name="pmid24039351">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang Y |title=Epidemiology of esophageal cancer |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=19 |issue=34 |pages=5598–606 |year=2013 |pmid=24039351 |pmc=3769895 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598 |url=}}</ref>
*The [[incidence]] of invasive esophageal cancer was 4.2 per 100,000 individuals in the United States.
*The [[American Cancer Society]] estimates that by the end of 2017, there will be 16,960 new cases of esophageal cancer in the United States .


* The delay-adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer in 2011 was estimated to be 4.51 per 100,000 persons in the United States.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
===Prevalence===
*In 2014, the [[prevalence]] of esophageal cancer was estimated to be 7.25 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.<ref name="pmid24039351">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang Y |title=Epidemiology of esophageal cancer |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=19 |issue=34 |pages=5598–606 |year=2013 |pmid=24039351 |pmc=3769895 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598 |url=}}</ref>


* In 2011, the age-adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer was 4.45 per 100,000 persons in the United States.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
===Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate===
*Between 2010 - 2014, the [[incidence]] of esophageal cancer in the United States was approximately 4.2 per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate/mortality rate of 4.1 per 100,000 individuals.<ref name="pmid24039351">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang Y |title=Epidemiology of esophageal cancer |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=19 |issue=34 |pages=5598–606 |year=2013 |pmid=24039351 |pmc=3769895 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598 |url=}}</ref>
*Mortality rates from esophageal cancer are higher in blacks and white females than white males.<ref name="pmid240393514">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang Y |title=Epidemiology of esophageal cancer |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=19 |issue=34 |pages=5598–606 |year=2013 |pmid=24039351 |pmc=3769895 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598 |url=}}</ref>


===Age===
===Age===
*The [[incidence]] of esophageal cancer increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 67 years.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref><ref name="pmid240393513">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang Y |title=Epidemiology of esophageal cancer |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=19 |issue=34 |pages=5598–606 |year=2013 |pmid=24039351 |pmc=3769895 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598 |url=}}</ref> 
*The age-adjusted [[incidence]] of invasive esophageal cancer worldwide by age category is:
**Under 65 years: 1.8 per 100,000
**65 and over: 22.5 per 100,000


* The risk of esophageal cancer increases with age. While the overall age-adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer in the United States between 2007 and 2011 is 4.4 per 100,000, the age-adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by age category is:<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
===Race===
** Under 65 years: 1.8 per 100,000
*Esophageal [[adenocarcinoma]] usually affects individuals of the Caucasian race, whilst Black individuals are more likely to develop esophagus [[squamous cell carcinoma]]. <ref name="pmid16334494">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baquet CR, Commiskey P, Mack K, Meltzer S, Mishra SI |title=Esophageal cancer epidemiology in blacks and whites: racial and gender disparities in incidence, mortality, survival rates and histology |journal=J Natl Med Assoc |volume=97 |issue=11 |pages=1471–8 |year=2005 |pmid=16334494 |pmc=2594901 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** 65 and over: 22.5 per 100,000
*More Black individuals are diagnosed with esophageal cancer then Caucasian individuals overall.<ref name="pmid240393512">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang Y |title=Epidemiology of esophageal cancer |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=19 |issue=34 |pages=5598–606 |year=2013 |pmid=24039351 |pmc=3769895 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598 |url=}}</ref>
* In the United States, 68.5% of Caucasian subjects with esophageal cancer had [[adenocarcinoma]], whereas 80% of black individuals affected with esophageal cancer had [[squamous cell carcinoma]].


===Gender===
===Gender===
* In the United States, the age-adjusted [[prevalence]] of invasive esophageal cancer by gender in 2011 is:<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
*Men are more commonly affected by esophageal cancer than women. The male to female ratio is approximately 4 to 1.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
** In males: 0.0147%
** In females: 0.0036%
 
* In the United States, the delay-adjusted [[incidence]] of invasive esophageal cancer by gender in 2011 is:<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
** In males: 7.83 per 100,000 persons
** In females: 1.83 per 100,000 persons
 
* In the United States, the age-adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by gender on 2011 is:<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
** In males: 7.72 per 100,000 persons
** In females: 1.80 per 100,000 persons
 
Shown below is an image depicting the delay-adjusted [[incidence]] and observed incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by gender and race in the United States between 1975 and 2011.  These graphs are adapted from [[SEER]]: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program of the National Cancer Institute.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
 
[[Image:delay-adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by gender and race in the United States.PNG|Delay-adjusted incidence and observed incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by gender and race in the United States between 1975 and 2011]]
 
===Race===
* While squamous cell carcinoma is more common among black individuals, adenocarcinoma is more common among white people.<ref name="pmid24039351">{{cite journal| author=Zhang Y| title=Epidemiology of esophageal cancer. | journal=World J Gastroenterol | year= 2013 | volume= 19 | issue= 34 | pages= 5598-606 | pmid=24039351 | doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598 | pmc=PMC3769895 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24039351  }} </ref>  In the United States, 68.5% of white subjects with esophageal cancer had [[adenocarcinoma]], whereas 80% of black individuals affected with esophageal cancer had [[squamous cell carcinoma]] between 2007 and 2011.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
 
 
* Shown below is a table depicting the age-adjusted [[prevalence]] of invasive esophageal cancer by race in 2011 in the United States.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
 
{| style="cellpadding=0; cellspacing= 0; width: 600px;"
|-
|style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center | || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''All Races''' ||style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''White''' || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''Black''' || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''Asian/Pacific Islander'''  || style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''Hispanic'''
|-
| style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 100%; background: #4682B4; color: #FFFFFF; width: 10%" align=center |'''Age-adjusted prevalence'''|| style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |8.6 per 100,000 ||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |9.4 per 100,000||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |7 per 100,000 ||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left | 4.7 per 100,000 ||style="font-size: 100; padding: 0 5px; background: #B8B8B8" align=left |4.8 per 100,000
|}
 
Shown below is an image depicting the incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by race in the United States between 1975 and 2011.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
 
[[Image:Incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by race in the United States.PNG|Incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by race in the United States between 1975 and 2011]]


<small> API: Asian/Pacific Islander; AI/AN: American Indian/ Alaska Native</small>
===Region===
*The majority of esophageal cancer cases are reported in in the area of the “Asian belt” which includes China, Japan, India, Iran, Turkey, among other Middle Eastern countries.<ref name="pmid23374478">{{cite journal| author=Pennathur A, Gibson MK, Jobe BA, Luketich JD| title=Oesophageal carcinoma. | journal=Lancet | year= 2013 | volume= 381 | issue= 9864 | pages= 400-12 | pmid=23374478 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60643-6 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23374478}}</ref>
*In China, the incidence rate of esophageal cancer is 16.7 per 100 000 population.<ref name="pmid23629646">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin Y, Totsuka Y, He Y, Kikuchi S, Qiao Y, Ueda J, Wei W, Inoue M, Tanaka H |title=Epidemiology of esophageal cancer in Japan and China |journal=J Epidemiol |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=233–42 |year=2013 |pmid=23629646 |pmc=3709543 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


===Percent Distribution of Invasive Esophageal Cancer by Histology===
===Developing Countries vs. Developed Countries===
Among patients with histologically confirmed cases of invasive esophageal cancer, the percent distribution of the types of the disease between 2007 and 2011 in the United States are:<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
*Worldwide, the predominant type of esophageal cancer is [[squamous cell carcinoma]].<ref name="pmid24039351">{{cite journal| author=Zhang Y| title=Epidemiology of esophageal cancer. | journal=World J Gastroenterol | year= 2013 | volume= 19 | issue= 34 | pages= 5598-606 | pmid=24039351 | doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598 | pmc=PMC3769895 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24039351}} </ref>  
* [[Carcinoma]]: 99.1%
*However, the rate of [[adenocarcinoma]] outnumbers [[squamous cell carcinoma]] in developed countries like the United States and some European countries.
** [[Epidermoid carcinoma]]: 33.7%
*[[Squamous cell carcinoma]] is predominant in developing countries.
*** [[Squamous cell carcinoma]]: 33.6%
** [[Adenocarcinoma]]: 60.7%
** Other specific carcinoma: 1.5%
** Carcinoma not otherwise specified: 3.2%
* Other specific types: 0.3%
* Unspecified: 0.6%


==References==
==References==
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hadeel Maksoud M.D.[2]

Overview

Esophageal cancer is the 6th leading cause of death from cancer and the 8th most common cancer in the world. The prevalence of esophageal cancer worldwide is about 3.5 per 100,000. In the United States, about 17000 new cases are diagnosed every year and 4.2 per 100,000 Americans has esophageal cancer. Esophageal cancer is mostly present in the "Asian belt" region which includes, China, Japan, India and Iran.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

  • The incidence of esophageal cancer is approximately 3.5 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.[1]
  • The incidence of invasive esophageal cancer was 4.2 per 100,000 individuals in the United States.
  • The American Cancer Society estimates that by the end of 2017, there will be 16,960 new cases of esophageal cancer in the United States .

Prevalence

  • In 2014, the prevalence of esophageal cancer was estimated to be 7.25 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States.[1]

Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate

  • Between 2010 - 2014, the incidence of esophageal cancer in the United States was approximately 4.2 per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate/mortality rate of 4.1 per 100,000 individuals.[1]
  • Mortality rates from esophageal cancer are higher in blacks and white females than white males.[2]

Age

  • The incidence of esophageal cancer increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 67 years.[3][4]
  • The age-adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer worldwide by age category is:
    • Under 65 years: 1.8 per 100,000
    • 65 and over: 22.5 per 100,000

Race

  • Esophageal adenocarcinoma usually affects individuals of the Caucasian race, whilst Black individuals are more likely to develop esophagus squamous cell carcinoma. [5]
  • More Black individuals are diagnosed with esophageal cancer then Caucasian individuals overall.[6]
  • In the United States, 68.5% of Caucasian subjects with esophageal cancer had adenocarcinoma, whereas 80% of black individuals affected with esophageal cancer had squamous cell carcinoma.

Gender

  • Men are more commonly affected by esophageal cancer than women. The male to female ratio is approximately 4 to 1.[3]

Region

  • The majority of esophageal cancer cases are reported in in the area of the “Asian belt” which includes China, Japan, India, Iran, Turkey, among other Middle Eastern countries.[7]
  • In China, the incidence rate of esophageal cancer is 16.7 per 100 000 population.[8]

Developing Countries vs. Developed Countries

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Zhang Y (2013). "Epidemiology of esophageal cancer". World J. Gastroenterol. 19 (34): 5598–606. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598. PMC 3769895. PMID 24039351.
  2. ↑ Zhang Y (2013). "Epidemiology of esophageal cancer". World J. Gastroenterol. 19 (34): 5598–606. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598. PMC 3769895. PMID 24039351.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.
  4. ↑ Zhang Y (2013). "Epidemiology of esophageal cancer". World J. Gastroenterol. 19 (34): 5598–606. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598. PMC 3769895. PMID 24039351.
  5. ↑ Baquet CR, Commiskey P, Mack K, Meltzer S, Mishra SI (2005). "Esophageal cancer epidemiology in blacks and whites: racial and gender disparities in incidence, mortality, survival rates and histology". J Natl Med Assoc. 97 (11): 1471–8. PMC 2594901. PMID 16334494.
  6. ↑ Zhang Y (2013). "Epidemiology of esophageal cancer". World J. Gastroenterol. 19 (34): 5598–606. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598. PMC 3769895. PMID 24039351.
  7. ↑ Pennathur A, Gibson MK, Jobe BA, Luketich JD (2013). "Oesophageal carcinoma". Lancet. 381 (9864): 400–12. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60643-6. PMID 23374478.
  8. ↑ Lin Y, Totsuka Y, He Y, Kikuchi S, Qiao Y, Ueda J, Wei W, Inoue M, Tanaka H (2013). "Epidemiology of esophageal cancer in Japan and China". J Epidemiol. 23 (4): 233–42. PMC 3709543. PMID 23629646.


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