Congestive heart failure causes

Resident Survival Guide

Congestive Heart Failure Microchapters
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Patient Information
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology Systolic Dysfunction Diastolic Dysfunction HFpEF HFrEF
Causes
Differentiating Congestive heart failure from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
Clinical Assessment
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Electrocardiogram
Chest X Ray
Cardiac MRI
Echocardiography
Exercise Stress Test
Myocardial Viability Studies
Cardiac Catheterization
Other Imaging Studies
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring
Medical Therapy:
Summary
Acute Pharmacotherapy
Chronic Pharmacotherapy in HFpEF
Chronic Pharmacotherapy in HFrEF Diuretics ACE Inhibitors Angiotensin receptor blockers Aldosterone Antagonists Beta Blockers Ca Channel Blockers Nitrates Hydralazine Positive Inotropics Anticoagulants Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitor Antiarrhythmic Drugs Nutritional Supplements Hormonal Therapies Drugs to Avoid Drug Interactions Treatment of underlying causes Associated conditions
Exercise Training
Surgical Therapy: Biventricular Pacing or Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT) Implantation of Intracardiac Defibrillator Ultrafiltration Cardiac Surgery Left Ventricular Assist Devices (LVADs) Cardiac Transplantation
ACC/AHA Guideline Recommendations Initial and Serial Evaluation of the HF Patient Hospitalized Patient Patients With a Prior MI Sudden Cardiac Death Prevention Surgical/Percutaneous/Transcather Interventional Treatments of HF Patients at high risk for developing heart failure (Stage A) Patients with cardiac structural abnormalities or remodeling who have not developed heart failure symptoms (Stage B) Patients with current or prior symptoms of heart failure (Stage C) Patients with refractory end-stage heart failure (Stage D) Coordinating Care for Patients With Chronic HF Quality Metrics/Performance Measures
Implementation of Practice Guidelines
Congestive heart failure end-of-life considerations
Specific Groups: Special Populations Patients who have concomitant disorders Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the Patient with CHF NSTEMI with Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock
Congestive heart failure causes On the Web
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Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse
NICE Guidance
FDA on Congestive heart failure causes
CDC on Congestive heart failure causes
Congestive heart failure causes in the news
Blogs on Congestive heart failure causes
Directions to Hospitals Treating Congestive heart failure causes
Risk calculators and risk factors for Congestive heart failure causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

There are several classification schemes used to characterize the pathophysiology of heart failure as either systolic vs diastolic; left vs right; or low output vs high output. The anatomic structure underlying the disease process is often characterized as well. The causes of heart failure are also often characterized by their chronicity (acute/decompensated or chronic).

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Congestive heart failure is life threatening and should be treated as such irrespective of the underlying cause

Common Causes

• Arrhythmias
• Cardiomyopathies
• Cardiotoxins e.g., alcohol, cocaine
• Congenital heart disease
• Hypertension
• Ischemic heart disease
• Pericarditis
• Pulmonary embolism
• Valvular heart disease
• Viral myocarditis

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Aortic regurgitation, aortic stenosis, arrhythmias, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, arteriovenous fistula, atrial fibrillation, atrial septal defect, cardiac amyloidosis, cardiac aneurysm, congenital heart disease, constrictive pericarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, eisenmenger syndrome, endocarditis, hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, ischemic heart disease, malignant hypertension, mitral regurgitation, mitral stenosis, myocardial infarction, patent ductus arteriosus, pericardial effusion, pericardial tamponade, pericarditis, peripartum cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, rheumatic carditis, rupture of the papillary muscles, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, tricuspid insufficiency, valvular heart disease, ventricular aneurysm, ventricular septal defect
Chemical/Poisoning	Ethylene glycol
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Carfilzomib, doxorubicin, epoetin alfa, imatinib, phenylbutazone, sunitinib malate, trastuzumab, cinacalcet
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyrotoxicosis
Environmental	Coalworker's pneumoconiosis, silicosis
Gastroenterologic	No underlying causes
Genetic	Atrial septal defect, congenital heart disease, Friedreich's ataxia, glycogen storage disease, Marfan's syndrome, Mulibrey nanism syndrome, muscular dystrophy, Noonan syndrome, ventricular septal defect
Hematologic	Severe anemia
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Endocarditis, human immunodeficiency virus, Lyme disease, pericarditis, rheumatic carditis, rheumatic fever, sepsis, viral myocarditis, Whipple's disease
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	No underlying causes
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic	Ascorbic acid deficiency, beriberi, carnitine deficiency, glycogen storage disease, hemochromatosis, metabolic acidosis, Paget's disease
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Pancoast tumor
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	Alcohol, atenolol, dronedarone, imatinib mesylate, propranolol, verapamil
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Coalworker's pneumoconiosis, cor pulmonale, hypoxia, Pickwickian syndrome, pulmonary artery stenosis, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary valve stenosis, pulmonary vein stenosis, pulmonic regurgitation, silicosis
Renal/Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Cardiac amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

• Alcoholism
• Anemia
• Aortic insufficiency
• Aortic stenosis
• Arrhythmias
• Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
• Arteriovenous fistula
• Ascorbic acid deficiency
• Atenolol
• Atrial fibrillation
• Atrial septal defect
• Beriberi
• Cardiac amyloidosis
• Cardiac aneurysm
• Carfilzomib
• Carnitine deficiency
• Coalworker's pneumoconiosis
• Congenital heart disease
• Constrictive pericarditis
• Cor pulmonale
• Diabetes mellitus
• Dilated cardiomyopathy
• Dronedarone
• Eisenmenger syndrome
• Endocarditis
• Ethylene glycol
• Friedreich's ataxia
• Glycogen storage disease
• Hemochromatosis
• Human immunodeficiency virus
• Hypertension
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
• Hypothyroidism
• Hypoxia
• Imatinib mesylate
• Ischemic heart disease
• Lyme disease
• Malignant hypertension
• Marfan's syndrome
• Metabolic acidosis

• Mitral regurgitation
• Mitral stenosis
• Mulibrey nanism syndrome
• Muscular dystrophy
• Myocardial infarction
• Noonan syndrome
• Paget's disease
• Pancoast's tumor
• Patent ductus arteriosus
• Pericardial effusion
• Pericardial tamponade
• Pericarditis
• Peripartum cardiomyopathy
• Phenylbutazone
• Pickwickian syndrome
• Pneumococcal Vaccine 13-Valent (Prevnar 13): in infants and toddlers
• Propranolol
• Pulmonary artery stenosis
• Pulmonary embolism
• Pulmonary fibrosis
• Pulmonary hypertension
• Pulmonary valve stenosis
• Pulmonary vein stenosis
• Pulmonic regurgitation
• Restrictive cardiomyopathy
• Rheumatic carditis
• Rheumatic fever
• Rupture of the papillary muscles
• Sarcoidosis
• Sepsis
• Silicosis
• Sunitinib malate
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
• Thyrotoxicosis
• Trastuzumab
• Tricuspid insufficiency
• Valvular heart disease
• Ventricular aneurysm
• Ventricular septal defect
• Verapamil
• Viral myocarditis
• Whipple's disease

References

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