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==Urine Composition (Quality)==
 
===Urine Odor===
==Urine Odor==
Urine is usually odorless but can produce pungent smells following the consumption of certain foods (e.g. asparagus)
Urine is usually odorless but can produce pungent smells following the consumption of certain foods (e.g. asparagus)


===Urine Color and Turbidity===
==Urine Color and Turbidity==
====Color====
===Color===
Below is a list of common urine discolorations and their associated diseases.
Below is a list of common urine discolorations and their associated diseases.
*Clear or light yellow
*Clear or light yellow
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**Sarcoma
**Sarcoma
**Alkaptonuria
**Alkaptonuria
====Turbidity====
===Turbidity===
*Normal urine is usually clear
*Normal urine is usually clear
*Turbid urine may be a manifestation of urinary bacterial infection, hematuria, proteinuria, pyuria, or presence of crystals and casts.
*Turbid urine may be a manifestation of urinary bacterial infection, hematuria, proteinuria, pyuria, or presence of crystals and casts.


===Urine Specific Gravity and Osmolality===
==Urine Specific Gravity and Osmolality==
====Urine Specific Gravity====
===Urine Specific Gravity===
*Normal urine [[specific gravity]] (density) ranges between 1.003 and 1.035 g.cm<sup>-3</sup>.
*Normal urine [[specific gravity]] (density) ranges between 1.003 and 1.035 g.cm<sup>-3</sup>.
*Specific gravity outside the normal range may sometimes be associated with urinary disorders.
*Specific gravity outside the normal range may sometimes be associated with urinary disorders.
====Urine Osmolality====
===Urine Osmolality===
*In healthy individuals with restricted fluid intake, urine osmolality should be > than 800mOsm/kg.
*In healthy individuals with restricted fluid intake, urine osmolality should be > than 800mOsm/kg.
*24-hour urine osmolality normally ranges between 500 and 800 mOsm/kg.
*24-hour urine osmolality normally ranges between 500 and 800 mOsm/kg.
*Random urine osmolality normally ranges between 50 and 1400 mOsm/kg.
*Random urine osmolality normally ranges between 50 and 1400 mOsm/kg.


===Urinary pH===
==Urinary pH==
*The [[pH]] of urine is normally close to neutral pH=6-7 (Range: 4.5 to 8.2).
*The [[pH]] of urine is normally close to neutral pH=6-7 (Range: 4.5 to 8.2).
*Strongly acidic or alkaline urine may be manifestations of the following:
*Strongly acidic or alkaline urine may be manifestations of the following:
====Renal and urologic diseases====
 
===''Renal and urologic diseases''===
*Urinary tract infection
*Urinary tract infection
*Acute kidney injury
*Acute kidney injury
*Chronic kindey disease
*Chronic kindey disease
*Renal tubular acidosis
*Renal tubular acidosis
====Systemic diseases====
 
===''Systemic diseases''===
*[[Diabetes Mellitus]]
*[[Diabetes Mellitus]]
*[[Diarrhea]]
*[[Diarrhea]]
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*Protein rich diet
*Protein rich diet


====Drug administration====
===''Drug administration''====
*[[Acetazolamide]]
*[[Acetazolamide]]
*[[Aldosteronism]]
*[[Aldosteronism]]
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*Sodium lactate
*Sodium lactate


===Hematuria===
==Hematuria==
*Microscopic hematuria
*Microscopic hematuria
*Gross hematuria
*Gross hematuria


===Pyuria===
==Pyuria==
*Microscopic pyuria
*Microscopic pyuria
*Gross pyuria
*Gross pyuria


===Proteinuria===
==Proteinuria==
*Albuminuria
*Albuminuria
**Microalbuminuria
**Microalbuminuria
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*Paraproteinuria
*Paraproteinuria


===Cells===
==Cells==
*Benign
*Benign
*Malignant
*Malignant


===Casts and Crystals===
==Casts and Crystals==
''Acellular casts''
===Casts===
====''Acellular casts''====
*Hyaline casts
*Hyaline casts
*Granular casts
*Granular casts
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*Crystal casts
*Crystal casts


''Cellular casts''
====''Cellular casts''====
*RBC casts
*RBC casts
*WBC casts
*WBC casts
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*Epithelial cell casts
*Epithelial cell casts


''Crystals''
===Crystals===
*Struvite crystals (magnesium-ammonium-phosphate)
*Struvite crystals (magnesium-ammonium-phosphate)
*Bilirubin crystals
*Bilirubin crystals
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*Cystine crystals
*Cystine crystals


===Other===
==Other==
*Urinary beta-HCG (urinary pregnancy test)
*Urinary beta-HCG (urinary pregnancy test)
*Myoglobinuria
*Myoglobinuria
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*Dissolved heavy metals (e.g. copper, zinc, chromium, lead, cadmium)
*Dissolved heavy metals (e.g. copper, zinc, chromium, lead, cadmium)


===Urine Culture===
==Urine Culture==
Normal urine is sterile. Presence of microorganisms in urine may be associated with urinary infections.
Normal urine is sterile. Presence of microorganisms in urine may be associated with urinary infections.
*Fungi
*Fungi
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[[Category:Physiology]]
[[Category:Physiology]]
[[Category:Neprhology]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Urology]]
[[Category:Urology]]
[[Category:Body fluids]]
[[Category:Body fluids]]

Revision as of 18:55, 6 April 2015

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List of terms related to Urine

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yazan Daaboul, M.D. Synonyms and keywords: Urinary findings; Urinary abnormalities; Findings on urine exam; Urine; Urine composition; Urine output


Overview

Urine is a fluid produced by humans through the kidney, collected in the bladder, and excreted through the genital urethra. Urine formation helps to maintain the balance of minerals and other substances in the body. Urinary findings may be qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative urinary findings are often analyzed on urinalysis and urine culture. Quantitative urinary findings depends on urine output.

Urinary Findings Algorithm

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Urinary Findings
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Quality (Composition)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Quantity
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Urinalysis
 
 
 
Urine culture
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Urine output
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
High urine output
 
 
 
 
Low urine output
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Urine odor
 
Urine color and turbidity
 
Specific gravity/osmolality
 
Urinary pH
 
Hematuria
 
Pyuria
 
Proteinuria
 
Cells
 
Casts and Crystals
 
Other
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Polyuria
 
 
Oliguria
 
Anuria
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


Urine Odor

Urine is usually odorless but can produce pungent smells following the consumption of certain foods (e.g. asparagus)

Urine Color and Turbidity

Color

Below is a list of common urine discolorations and their associated diseases.

  • Clear or light yellow
  • Dark yellow
    • Dehydration
  • Greenish yellow color
    • Vitamin B ingestion
  • Orange color
  • Dark red color
    • Hematuria
    • Myoglobinuria
    • Ingestion of certain foods: berries, colored candy, and beets
  • Brown color
    • Hematuria
    • Myoglobinuria
    • Porphyria
    • Hyperbilirubinemia
  • Black (melanuria)
    • Sarcoma
    • Alkaptonuria

Turbidity

  • Normal urine is usually clear
  • Turbid urine may be a manifestation of urinary bacterial infection, hematuria, proteinuria, pyuria, or presence of crystals and casts.

Urine Specific Gravity and Osmolality

Urine Specific Gravity

  • Normal urine specific gravity (density) ranges between 1.003 and 1.035 g.cm-3.
  • Specific gravity outside the normal range may sometimes be associated with urinary disorders.

Urine Osmolality

  • In healthy individuals with restricted fluid intake, urine osmolality should be > than 800mOsm/kg.
  • 24-hour urine osmolality normally ranges between 500 and 800 mOsm/kg.
  • Random urine osmolality normally ranges between 50 and 1400 mOsm/kg.

Urinary pH

  • The pH of urine is normally close to neutral pH=6-7 (Range: 4.5 to 8.2).
  • Strongly acidic or alkaline urine may be manifestations of the following:

Renal and urologic diseases

  • Urinary tract infection
  • Acute kidney injury
  • Chronic kindey disease
  • Renal tubular acidosis

Systemic diseases

Drug administration=

Hematuria

  • Microscopic hematuria
  • Gross hematuria

Pyuria

  • Microscopic pyuria
  • Gross pyuria

Proteinuria

  • Albuminuria
    • Microalbuminuria
    • Macroalbuminuria
  • Paraproteinuria

Cells

  • Benign
  • Malignant

Casts and Crystals

Casts

Acellular casts

  • Hyaline casts
  • Granular casts
  • Waxy casts
  • Fatty casts
  • Pigment casts
  • Crystal casts

Cellular casts

  • RBC casts
  • WBC casts
  • Bacterial casts
  • Epithelial cell casts

Crystals

  • Struvite crystals (magnesium-ammonium-phosphate)
  • Bilirubin crystals
  • Calcium carbonate crystals
  • Amorphous crystals
  • Calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals
  • Cystine crystals

Other

  • Urinary beta-HCG (urinary pregnancy test)
  • Myoglobinuria
  • Glucosuria
  • Ketonuria
  • Catecholamines
  • Bacterial antigens
  • Sperm
  • Urinary drug concentration
  • Dissolved heavy metals (e.g. copper, zinc, chromium, lead, cadmium)

Urine Culture

Normal urine is sterile. Presence of microorganisms in urine may be associated with urinary infections.

  • Fungi
  • Bacteria

Urine Quantity (Volume)

  • The amount of urine produced depends on hydration (volume of fluid intake), physical activity, environmental factors, body surface area, and general health condition.
  • In adult humans, the average urine production is approximately 1 L to 2 L per 24 hours.

High Output

  • Polyuria: Excessive urinary production > 2.5 L per 24 hours

Low Output

  • Oliguria: Urine production < 400 mL / 24 hours
  • Anuria: Urine production < 100 mL / 24 hours

References


Template:WikiDoc Sources

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Urine&oldid=1083403"