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| ==Risk Factors== | | ==Risk Factors== |
| *Interpersonal violence | | *A traumatic incident in the past can increase chances of developing [[dissociative amnesia]] ([[psychogenic amnesia]]). |
| *[[Physical abuse]]
| | *[[Head]] [[trauma]] increases the risk of post traumatic amnesia.<ref name="pmid11475324">{{cite journal| author=Leclerc S, Lassonde M, Delaney JS, Lacroix VJ, Johnston KM| title=Recommendations for grading of concussion in athletes. | journal=Sports Med | year= 2001 | volume= 31 | issue= 8 | pages= 629-36 | pmid=11475324 | doi=10.2165/00007256-200131080-00007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11475324 }} </ref> |
| *[[Sexual abuse]]
| | *[[Sexual]] [[repression]] in childhood and cultural norms can cause [[infantile]]/childhood amnesia in adults. |
| *Single or traumatic experiences (e.g. war, childhood maltreatment, natural disaster, internment in concentration camps, genocide)<ref name=DSMV>{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 0890425558 }}</ref>
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| Normal aging may lead to trouble learning new material or require a longer time to remember new material. However, it does not lead to dramatic memory loss unless diseases are involved. Memory loss can be seen in people with impaired concentration, seen in illnesses such as depression. It can be hard to tell the difference.
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| ===Dissociative or Functional or Psychogenic Amnesia===
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| Patients exposed to physically or emotionally traumatic events are at a higher risk for developing psychogenic amnesia because they seem to have damaged the [[neuron]]s into the in the brain.<ref name = Brandt>{{cite journal |author=Brandt J, Van Gorp WG |title=Functional ("psychogenic") amnesia |journal=Semin Neurol |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=331–40 |year=2006 |pmid=16791779 |doi=10.1055/s-2006-945519}}</ref><ref name = Markowitsch>{{cite journal |author=Markowitsch HJ |title=Psychogenic amnesia |journal=Neuroimage |volume=20 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S132–8 |year=2003 |pmid=14597306 |doi=}}</ref> Examples of individuals at greater risk of psychogenic amnesia due to traumatic events include soldiers who have experienced combat, individuals [[Sexual abuse|sexually]] and [[Physical abuse|physically abused]] during [[childhood]] and individuals who have experienced domestic violence, natural disasters, or terrorist acts; essentially any sufficiently severe psychological stress, internal conflict, or intolerable life situation.<ref name = Yang>{{cite journal |author=Yang JC, Jeong GW, Lee MS, ''et al'' |title=Functional MR imaging of psychogenic amnesia: a case report |journal=Korean J Radiol |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=196–9 |year=2005 |pmid=16145296 |doi=}}</ref> Child abuse, especially chronic child abuse starting at an early age has been related to the development of high levels of [[Dissociation (psychology)|dissociative]] symptoms, including amnesia for abuse memories. The study strongly suggested that "independent corroboration of recovered memories of abuse is often present" and that the recovery of the abuse memories generally is not associated with psychotherapy.<ref name=chu>{{cite journal |author=Chu JA, Frey LM, Ganzel BL, Matthews JA |title=Memories of childhood abuse: dissociation, amnesia, and corroboration |journal=Am J Psychiatry |volume=156 |issue=5 |pages=749–55 |year=1999 |pmid=10327909 |doi= | url = http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/156/5/749 }}</ref>
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| ===Dissociative Fugue===
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| It has been estimated that approximately 0.2 percent of the population experiences dissociative fugue, although prevalence increases significantly following a stressful life event, such as wartime experience or some other disaster.<ref name="Merck">[[Merck Manual]] [[1999]] section 15 (Psychiatric Disorders), chapter 188 (Dissociative Disorders)</ref> Other life stressors may trigger a dissociative fugue, such as financial difficulties, personal problems or legal issues.
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| ===Transient Global Amnesia=== | |
| It is thought that the underlying cause of TGA may be due to venous congestion of the brain,<ref> Lewis SL. ''Aetiology of transient global amnesia.'' Lancet.1998;352:397-399..</ref> leading to [[ischemia]] of structures involved with memory, such as the [[hippocampus]].<ref> Chung CP, Hsu H , Chao A , et al.'' Detection of intracranial venous reflux in patients of transient global amnesia.'' Neurology 2006;66:1873–7.</ref> This may be triggered by performing a [[valsalva maneuver]] in the context of various precipitating events such as immersion in cold water, sexual activity, severe emotional stress and vigorous exertion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.med.ucla.edu/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=38 |title=UCLA Department of Medicine - wfsection-Transient Global Amnesia |accessdate=2007-07-25 |format= |work=}}</ref> <ref>Moreno-Lugris XC, Martinez-Alvarez J , Branas F , et al. ''Transient global amnesia. Case–control study of 24 cases.'' Rev Neurol 1996;24:554–7.</ref>
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S. [2]; Jesus Rosario Hernandez, M.D. [3]
Overview
Aging, depression and medications (both prescription and non-prescription) are risk factors for amnesia.
Risk Factors
References
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