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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Sleep apnea}} | {{ Sleep apnea}} | ||
==Overview== | |||
==Sleep Apnea Pathophysiology== | |||
===Obstructive Sleep Apnea<ref name="pmid18250206">{{cite journal| author=Eckert DJ, Malhotra A| title=Pathophysiology of adult obstructive sleep apnea. | journal=Proc Am Thorac Soc | year= 2008 | volume= 5 | issue= 2 | pages= 144-53 | pmid=18250206 | doi=10.1513/pats.200707-114MG | pmc=PMC2628457 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18250206 }} </ref>=== | |||
The pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea results from a combination of the following components: | |||
*Upper airway anatomy | |||
*The ability of the upper airway dilator muscles to respond to respiratory challenge during sleep | |||
*Arousal threshold | |||
*Loop gain | |||
*Potential for state-related changes in lung volume | |||
====Upper Airway Anatomy==== | |||
*The airway is composed of numerous muscles and soft tissues | |||
*It lacks rigid support | |||
*Collapsible portion from the hard palate to the larnyx | |||
*The upper airway can momentarily close during speech, swallowing, and inopportune times during sleep | |||
====Upper Airway Dilator Muscles==== | |||
*Evidence suggests that upper airway dilator muscles, particularly the genioglossus, keeps the airway patent via protective reflexes | |||
====Arousal Threshold==== | |||
*Evidence suggests that low respiratory drive that causes pleural pressure induces arousal from sleep | |||
*Examples of low respiratory drive are hypoxia and hypercapnia | |||
====Loop Gain==== | |||
*Loop gain is stability of the ventilatory control system | |||
*There is a cyclical breathing pattern that develops between obstructive breathing events during sleep and wakefulness | |||
*This makes the ventilatory control unstable | |||
====Changes in Lung Volume==== | |||
*Although the exact mechanism is not defined, there is an interaction between pharyngeal patency and lung volume | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Sleep disorders]] | [[Category: Sleep disorders]] | ||
[[Category:Medical conditions related to obesity]] | [[Category:Medical conditions related to obesity]] | ||
[[Category:Pulmonology]] | [[Category:Pulmonology]] | ||
Revision as of 15:05, 2 July 2015
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Overview
Sleep Apnea Pathophysiology
Obstructive Sleep Apnea[1]
The pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea results from a combination of the following components:
- Upper airway anatomy
- The ability of the upper airway dilator muscles to respond to respiratory challenge during sleep
- Arousal threshold
- Loop gain
- Potential for state-related changes in lung volume
Upper Airway Anatomy
- The airway is composed of numerous muscles and soft tissues
- It lacks rigid support
- Collapsible portion from the hard palate to the larnyx
- The upper airway can momentarily close during speech, swallowing, and inopportune times during sleep
Upper Airway Dilator Muscles
- Evidence suggests that upper airway dilator muscles, particularly the genioglossus, keeps the airway patent via protective reflexes
Arousal Threshold
- Evidence suggests that low respiratory drive that causes pleural pressure induces arousal from sleep
- Examples of low respiratory drive are hypoxia and hypercapnia
Loop Gain
- Loop gain is stability of the ventilatory control system
- There is a cyclical breathing pattern that develops between obstructive breathing events during sleep and wakefulness
- This makes the ventilatory control unstable
Changes in Lung Volume
- Although the exact mechanism is not defined, there is an interaction between pharyngeal patency and lung volume
References
- ↑ Eckert DJ, Malhotra A (2008). "Pathophysiology of adult obstructive sleep apnea". Proc Am Thorac Soc. 5 (2): 144–53. doi:10.1513/pats.200707-114MG. PMC 2628457. PMID 18250206.