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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| {{Sleep apnea}} | | {{Sleep apnea}} |
| {{CMG}} | | {{CMG}} {{AE}} Saarah T. Alkhairy, M.D. |
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| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
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| ==Surgery== | | ==Surgery== |
| | *Surgery is a second line of treatment for those who reject CPAP treatment or are not helped by it |
| | *Surgical treatment for obstructive sleep apnea needs to be individualized in order to address all anatomical areas of obstruction: |
| | :*Correction of the nasal passages and oropharynx passage |
| | :*Septoplasty and turbinate surgery |
| | :*Tonsillectomy and [[uvulopalatopharyngoplasty]] |
| | :*Base-of-tongue advancement by means of advancing the genial tubercle of the mandible |
| | :*Hyoid bone myotomy and suspension |
| | :*Various radiofrequency |
| | *Shrink or stiffen excess tissue in the mouth or throat<ref name="www.nhlbi.nih.gov">{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = What Is Sleep Apnea? - NHLBI, NIH | url = http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sleepapnea/ | publisher = | date = | accessdate = 12 August 2013 }}</ref> |
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| Several surgical procedures ([[sleep surgery]]) are used to treat sleep apnea, although they are normally a second line of treatment for those who reject CPAP treatment or are not helped by it. Surgical treatment for obstructive sleep apnea needs to be individualized in order to address all anatomical areas of obstruction. Often, correction of the nasal passages needs to be performed in addition to correction of the oropharynx passage. Septoplasty and turbinate surgery may improve the nasal airway. Tonsillectomy and [[uvulopalatopharyngoplasty]] (UPPP or UP3) are available to address pharyngeal obstruction. Base-of-tongue advancement by means of advancing the genial tubercle of the mandible may help with the lower pharynx. Many other treatments are available, including hyoid bone myotomy and suspension and various radiofrequency
| | ===The Pillar Procedure=== |
| | *A minimally invasive treatment for snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. |
| | *Three to six or more Dacron (the material used in permanent sutures) strips are inserted into the soft palate |
| | *The soft palate is more rigid and snoring and sleep apnea can be reduced |
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| [[File:Cautérisation des parties molles - apnée du sommeil.svg|thumb|Illustration of surgery on the mouth and throat.|260px]]
| | ===Maxillomandibular advancement (MMA)=== |
| [[File:Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty..png|thumb|Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. This demonstrates the appearance after a tonsillectomy, followed by trimming of the uvula and folding it and suturing it to the palate.|260px]]
| | *Is considered the most effective surgery for sleep apnea patients<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Prinsell JR |title=Maxillomandibular advancement surgery for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome |journal=Journal of the American Dental Association |volume=133 |issue=11 |pages=1489–97; quiz 1539–40 |year=2002 |month=November |pmid=12462692 |url=http://jada.ada.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12462692}}</ref> because it increases the posterior airway space (PAS)<ref name="Lye KW et al 2008 968-72">{{Cite journal|author=Lye KW, Waite PD, Meara D, Wang D |title=Quality of life evaluation of maxillomandibular advancement surgery for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea |journal=Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery |volume=66 |issue=5 |pages=968–72 |year=2008 |month=May |pmid=18423288 |doi=10.1016/j.joms.2007.11.031}}</ref> |
| [[File:Maxillomandibular advancement with hardware..png|thumb|Maxillomandibular advancement with hardware. Note that the upper and lower jaws are moved as a unit, so that dental occlusion is maintained.|260px]]
| | *The main benefit of the operation is that the oxygen saturation in the arterial blood increases |
| | *Maxillomandibular advancement surgery is often combined with [[Genioglossus Advancement]], as both are skeletal surgeries for sleep apnea |
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| Other surgery options may attempt to shrink or stiffen excess tissue in the mouth or throat; procedures done at either a doctor's office or a hospital. Small shots or other treatments, sometimes in a series, are used for shrinkage, while the insertion of a small piece of stiff plastic is used in the case of surgery whose goal is to stiffen tissues.<ref name="www.nhlbi.nih.gov">{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = What Is Sleep Apnea? - NHLBI, NIH | url = http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sleepapnea/ | publisher = | date = | accessdate = 12 August 2013 }}</ref>
| | ==References== |
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| The Pillar Procedure is a minimally invasive treatment for snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. This procedure was FDA indicated in 2004. During this procedure, three to six or more Dacron (the material used in permanent sutures) strips are inserted into the soft palate, using a modified syringe and local anesthetic. While the procedure was initially approved for the insertion of three "pillars" into the soft palate, it was found that there was a significant dosage response to more pillars, with appropriate candidates. After this brief and virtually painless outpatient operation, which usually lasts no more than 30 minutes, the soft palate is more rigid and snoring and sleep apnea can be reduced. This procedure addresses one of the most common causes of snoring and sleep apnea — vibration or collapse of the soft palate (the soft part of the roof of the mouth). If there are other factors contributing to snoring or sleep apnea, such as the nasal airway or an enlarged tongue, it will likely need to be combined with other treatments to be more effective.
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| The Stanford Center for Excellence in Sleep Disorders Medicine achieved a 95% cure rate of sleep apnea patients by surgery.<ref name='Li1999'>{{Cite journal|author=Li KK, Riley RW, Powell NB, Troell R, Guilleminault C |title=Overview of phase II surgery for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome |journal=Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal |volume=78 |issue=11 |pages=851, 854–7 |year=1999 |month=November |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/-a058062604 |pmid=10581838}}</ref> [[Maxillomandibular advancement]] (MMA) is considered the most effective surgery for sleep apnea patients,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Prinsell JR |title=Maxillomandibular advancement surgery for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome |journal=Journal of the American Dental Association |volume=133 |issue=11 |pages=1489–97; quiz 1539–40 |year=2002 |month=November |pmid=12462692 |url=http://jada.ada.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12462692}}</ref> because it increases the posterior airway space (PAS).<ref name="Lye KW et al 2008 968-72">{{Cite journal|author=Lye KW, Waite PD, Meara D, Wang D |title=Quality of life evaluation of maxillomandibular advancement surgery for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea |journal=Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery |volume=66 |issue=5 |pages=968–72 |year=2008 |month=May |pmid=18423288 |doi=10.1016/j.joms.2007.11.031}}</ref> The main benefit of the operation is that the oxygen saturation in the arterial blood increases.<ref name="Lye KW et al 2008 968-72"/> In a study published in 2008, 93.3.% of surgery patients achieved an adequate quality of life based on the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ).<ref name="Lye KW et al 2008 968-72"/> Surgery led to a significant increase in general productivity, social outcome, activity level, vigilance, intimacy, and intercourse.<ref name="Lye KW et al 2008 968-72"/> Overall risks of MMA surgery are low: The Stanford University Sleep Disorders Center found 4 failures in a series of 177 patients, or about one out of 44 patients.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Li KK, Powell NB, Riley RW, Troell RJ, Guilleminault C |title=Long-Term Results of Maxillomandibular Advancement Surgery |journal=Sleep & Breathing |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=137–140 |year=2000 |pmid=11868133 |doi=10.1007/s11325-000-0137-3}}</ref> However, health professionals are often unsure as to who should be referred for surgery and when to do so: some factors in referral may include failed use of CPAP or device use; anatomy which favors rather than impeding surgery; or significant craniofacial abnormalities which hinder device use.<ref name="auspre01">{{cite journal |author=MacKay, Stuart |title=Treatments for snoring in adults |journal=Australian Prescriber |issue=34 |pages=77–79 |year=2011 |month=June |url=http://www.australianprescriber.com/magazine/34/3/77/9 }}</ref> Maxillomandibular advancement surgery is often combined with [[Genioglossus Advancement]], as both are skeletal surgeries for sleep apnea.
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| Several inpatient and outpatient procedures use sedation. Many drugs and agents used during surgery to relieve pain and to depress consciousness remain in the body at low amounts for hours or even days afterwards. In an individual with either central, obstructive or mixed sleep apnea, these low doses may be enough to cause life-threatening irregularities in breathing or collapses in a patient’s airways.<ref>{{Cite book|first1=T. Scott |last1=Johnson |first2=William A. |last2=Broughton |first3=Jerry |last3=Halberstadt |title=Sleep Apnea – The Phantom of the Night: Overcome Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Win Your Hidden Struggle to Breathe, Sleep, and Live |publisher=New Technology Publishing |location= |year=2003 |pages= |isbn=978-1-882431-05-2}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref> Use of analgesics and sedatives in these patients postoperatively should therefore be minimized or avoided.
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| Surgery on the mouth and throat, as well as dental surgery and procedures, can result in postoperative swelling of the lining of the mouth and other areas that affect the airway. Even when the surgical procedure is designed to improve the airway, such as tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy or tongue reduction, swelling may negate some of the effects in the immediate postoperative period. Once the swelling resolves and the palate becomes tightened by postoperative scarring, however, the full benefit of the surgery may be noticed.
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| A sleep apnea patient undergoing any medical treatment must make sure his or her doctor and [[Nurse anesthetist|anesthetist]] are informed about the sleep apnea. Alternative and emergency procedures may be necessary to maintain the airway of sleep apnea patients.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/SleepApnea/SleepApnea_LivingWith.html |title=What is Sleep Apnea? |author=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute |year=2012 |work= |publisher=National Institutes of Health |accessdate=15 February 2013}}</ref> If an individual suspects he or she may have sleep apnea, communication with their doctor about possible preprocedure screening may be in order.
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}} | | {{Reflist|2}} |
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| [[Category:Cardiology]] | | [[Category:Cardiology]] |
| [[Category:Primary care]] | | [[Category:Primary care]] |
| [[Category:Needs content]]
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| {{WH}} | | {{WH}} |
| {{WS}} | | {{WS}} |