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==Overview==
==Overview==
 
Sleep apnea occurs more frequently among adults over 60 years, [[overweight]] [[males]] with a large neck circumference, and individuals with a positive [[family history]].  There is also an increased risk among African Americans, and those who smoke, drink alcohol , and ingest  [[sedatives]] or tranquilizers.   
Sleep apneaoccurs more frequently among adults over 60 years, [[overweight]] [[males]] with a large neck circumference, and individuals with a positive [[family history]].  There is also an increased risk among African Americans, and those who smoke, drink alcohol, and ingest  [[sedatives]] or tranquilizers.   


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) include:
Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) include:


*[[Overweight]] ([[Obesity]])<ref name="Young-2004">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Young | first1 = T. | last2 = Skatrud | first2 = J. | last3 = Peppard | first3 = PE. | title = Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in adults. | journal = JAMA | volume = 291 | issue = 16 | pages = 2013-6 | month = Apr | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1001/jama.291.16.2013 | PMID = 15113821 }}</ref>
*[[Overweight]] ([[Obesity]])<ref name="Young-2004">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Young | first1 = T. | last2 = Skatrud | first2 = J. | last3 = Peppard | first3 = PE. | title = Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in adults. | journal = JAMA | volume = 291 | issue = 16 | pages = 2013-6 | month = Apr | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1001/jama.291.16.2013 | PMID = 15113821 }}</ref>
:*Obesity is the best documented risk factor for OSA
:*Obesity is the best documented risk factor for OSA
:*Fat deposits around the soft tissues of the upper airway may obstruct breathing
:*Fat deposits around the soft tissues of the upper airway may obstruct breathing
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:*These substances relax the muscles in the throat
:*These substances relax the muscles in the throat
*[[Smoking]]<ref>{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = Sleep apnea: Risk factors - MayoClinic.com | url = http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/sleep-apnea/DS00148/DSECTION=risk-factors | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = 12 August 2013 }}</ref>
*[[Smoking]]<ref>{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = Sleep apnea: Risk factors - MayoClinic.com | url = http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/sleep-apnea/DS00148/DSECTION=risk-factors | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = 12 August 2013 }}</ref>
:*Smokers are three times more likely to have obstructive sleep apnea than are people who have never smoked.   
:*Smokers are three times more likely to have obstructive sleep apnea than are people who have never smoked.   
:*Smoking may increase the amount of inflammation and fluid retention in the upper airway
:*Smoking may increase the amount of inflammation and fluid retention in the upper airway
*A deviated septum, allergies, or chronic nasal congestion
*A deviated septum, allergies, or chronic nasal congestion  
:*Due to a nasal obstruction  
:*Due to a nasal obstruction  
*Craniofacial and upper-airway structure
*Craniofacial and upper-airway structure
:*Skeletal or soft tissue abnormalities including dysmorphisms  
:*Skeletal or soft tissue abnormalities including dysmorphisms  
*Diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and stroke<ref name="Young2004">{{cite journal|last1=Young|first1=Terry|title=Risk Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults|journal=JAMA|volume=291|issue=16|year=2004|pages=2013|issn=0098-7484|doi=10.1001/jama.291.16.2013}}</ref>  
*Diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and stroke<ref name="Young2004">{{cite journal|last1=Young|first1=Terry|title=Risk Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults|journal=JAMA|volume=291|issue=16|year=2004|pages=2013|issn=0098-7484|doi=10.1001/jama.291.16.2013}}</ref>  
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*Age
*Age
:*Adults older than age 65
:*Adults older than age 65
:*Due to other medical conditions or sleep patterns that are more likely to cause central sleep apnea
:*Due to other medical conditions or sleep patterns that are more likely to cause central sleep apnea  
 
*Cardiac disorders such as atrial fibrillation or congestive heart failure  
* Cardiac disorderssuch as atrial fibrillation or congestive heart failure
*High altitude
*High altitude
*Chronic opioid use
*Chronic opioid use
*Stroke or brain tumor
*Stroke or brain tumor  
:*These brain conditions can impair the brain's ability to regulate breathing
:*These brain conditions can impair the brain's ability to regulate breathing
* Continuouspositive airway pressure (CPAP)  
*Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)  
:*Some people with obstructive sleep apnea develop central sleep apnea while using CPAP
:*Some people with obstructive sleep apnea develop central sleep apnea while using CPAP
:*This is known as complex sleep apnea because it is a combination of obstructive and central sleep apneas
:*This is known as complex sleep apnea because it is a combination of obstructive and central sleep apneas
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{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


[[Category: Sleep disorders]]
[[Category: Sleep disorders]]
[[Category:Medical conditions related to obesity]]
[[Category:Medical conditions related to obesity]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]

Revision as of 18:05, 6 July 2015

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Kashish Goel, M.D.

Overview

Sleep apnea occurs more frequently among adults over 60 years, overweight males with a large neck circumference, and individuals with a positive family history. There is also an increased risk among African Americans, and those who smoke, drink alcohol , and ingest sedatives or tranquilizers.

Risk Factors

Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) include:

  • Obesity is the best documented risk factor for OSA
  • Fat deposits around the soft tissues of the upper airway may obstruct breathing
  • The prevalence of OSA progressively increases as the body mass index and associated markers (neck circumference, waist-to-hip ratio) increase
  • Sleep apnea occurs significantly in adults older than 60[2]
  • Men are more likely to suffer sleep apnea than women and children are, though it is not uncommon in the last two population groups

[3]

  • Narrowed airway
  • Neck circumference
  • Individuals with a thicker neck may have a narrower airway
  • A positive family history may have a higher risk of developing sleep apnea
  • African American men younger than 39 years and between 50 and 59 years have a higher rate of sleep apnea compared to Caucasian men of the same ages[4] w
  • These substances relax the muscles in the throat
  • Smokers are three times more likely to have obstructive sleep apnea than are people who have never smoked.
  • Smoking may increase the amount of inflammation and fluid retention in the upper airway
  • A deviated septum, allergies, or chronic nasal congestion
  • Due to a nasal obstruction
  • Craniofacial and upper-airway structure
  • Skeletal or soft tissue abnormalities including dysmorphisms
  • Diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and stroke[6]
  • Due to common risk factors to all these conditions and sleep apnea


Risk factors for central sleep apnea include:

  • Male gender
  • Age
  • Adults older than age 65
  • Due to other medical conditions or sleep patterns that are more likely to cause central sleep apnea
  • Cardiac disorders such as atrial fibrillation or congestive heart failure
  • High altitude
  • Chronic opioid use
  • Stroke or brain tumor
  • These brain conditions can impair the brain's ability to regulate breathing
  • Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
  • Some people with obstructive sleep apnea develop central sleep apnea while using CPAP
  • This is known as complex sleep apnea because it is a combination of obstructive and central sleep apneas


References

  1. ↑ Young, T.; Skatrud, J.; Peppard, PE. (2004). "Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in adults". JAMA. 291 (16): 2013–6. doi:10.1001/jama.291.16.2013. PMID 15113821. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ "Sleep apnea: Risk factors - MayoClinic.com". Retrieved 12 August 2013.
  3. ↑ "Sleep Apnea: Who Is At Risk for Sleep Apnea?". NHLBI: Health Information for the Public. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
  4. ↑ Pranathiageswaran, S.; Badr, MS.; Severson, R.; Rowley, JA. (2013). "The influence of race on the severity of sleep disordered breathing". J Clin Sleep Med. 9 (4): 303–9. doi:10.5664/jcsm.2572. PMID 23585743. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ "Sleep apnea: Risk factors - MayoClinic.com". Retrieved 12 August 2013.
  6. ↑ Young, Terry (2004). "Risk Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults". JAMA. 291 (16): 2013. doi:10.1001/jama.291.16.2013. ISSN 0098-7484.

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