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{{Sleep apnea}}
{{Sleep apnea}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} [[Kashish Goel|Kashish Goel, M.D.]]
{{CMG}} {{AE}} Saarah T. Alkhairy, M.D.


==Overview==
==Overview==
Sleep apnea occurs more frequently among adults over 60 years, [[overweight]] [[males]] with a large neck circumference, and individuals with a positive [[family history]].  There is also an increased risk among African Americans, and those who smoke, drink  alcohol , and ingest  [[sedatives]] or tranquilizers.
The risk factors of sleep apnea include smoking, [[alcohol]], [[sedatives]], [[tranquilizers]], males, a positive family history, certain ethnic backgrounds such as African Americans, and individuals over 60 years. There are certain medical conditions for both obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea that are important risk factors. [[Continuous positive airway pressure]] ([[CPAP]]) is a risk factor for complex sleep apnea (also known as mixed sleep apnea) because patients with obstructive sleep apnea may develop central sleep apnea.


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
Risk factors for obstructive  sleep apnea (OSA) include:
The table below lists the risk factors for sleep apnea:


*[[Overweight]] ([[Obesity]])<ref name="Young-2004">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Young | first1 = T. | last2 = Skatrud | first2 = J. | last3 = Peppard | first3 = PE. | title = Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in adults. | journal = JAMA | volume = 291 | issue = 16 | pages = 2013-6 | month = Apr | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1001/jama.291.16.2013 | PMID = 15113821 }}</ref>
{| {{table}}
 
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Risk Factor'''
 
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Description'''
 
|-
 
| '''Smoking'''||Smoking may increase the amount of [[inflammation]] and fluid retention in the upper airway{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = Sleep apnea: Risk factors - MayoClinic.com | url = http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/sleep-apnea/DS00148/DSECTION=risk-factors | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = 12 August 2013 }}
 
|-
 
| '''Alcohol'''||This relaxes the muscles in the throat
 
|-
 
| '''Sedatives/tranquilizers'''||This relaxes the muscles in the throat the throat
 
|-
 
| '''Male Gender'''||Men are more likely to suffer sleep apnea than women and children are, though it is not uncommon in the last two population groups{{Cite web| url = http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/SleepApnea/SleepApnea_WhoIsAtRisk.html | title = Sleep Apnea: Who Is At Risk for Sleep Apnea? | work = NHLBI: Health Information for the Public | publisher = U.S. Department of Health and Human Services }}
 
|-
 
| '''Genetic Factors'''||A positive family history may have a higher risk of developing sleep apnea
 
|-
 
| '''Ethnic Background'''||African Americans, people of Mexican origin, and Pacific Islanders
 
|-
 
| '''Physical Characteristics'''||Thick neck, obstructed nasal passages, large tongue, narrow airway, receding chin, overbite, certain shapes and increased rigidity of the palate and jaw
 
|-
 
| [[Age]]||Sleep apnea occurs significantly in adults older than 60{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = Sleep apnea: Risk factors - MayoClinic.com | url = http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/sleep-apnea/DS00148/DSECTION=risk-factors | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = 12 August 2013 }}
 
|}
Medical conditions that are Risk factors for obstructive  sleep apnea (OSA) include:
*[[Obesity]]<ref name="Young-2004">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Young | first1 = T. | last2 = Skatrud | first2 = J. | last3 = Peppard | first3 = PE. | title = Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in adults. | journal = JAMA | volume = 291 | issue = 16 | pages = 2013-6 | month = Apr | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1001/jama.291.16.2013 | PMID = 15113821 }}</ref>
:*Obesity is the best documented risk factor for OSA
:*Obesity is the best documented risk factor for OSA
:*Fat deposits around the soft tissues of the upper airway may obstruct breathing
*[[Pregnancy]]
:*The prevalence of OSA progressively increases as the body mass index and associated markers (neck circumference, waist-to-hip ratio) increase
 
*[[Age]]
*[[Diabetes]]<ref name="Young2004">{{cite journal|last1=Young|first1=Terry|title=Risk Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults|journal=JAMA|volume=291|issue=16|year=2004|pages=2013|issn=0098-7484|doi=10.1001/jama.291.16.2013}}</ref>
:*Sleep apnea occurs significantly in adults older than 60<ref>{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = Sleep apnea: Risk factors - MayoClinic.com | url = http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/sleep-apnea/DS00148/DSECTION=risk-factors | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = 12 August 2013 }}</ref>
 
*[[Male]] gender
*[[Polycystic ovary syndrome]]
:*Men are more likely to suffer sleep apnea than women and children are, though it is not uncommon in the last two population groups
 
<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/SleepApnea/SleepApnea_WhoIsAtRisk.html | title = Sleep Apnea: Who Is At Risk for Sleep Apnea? | work = NHLBI: Health Information for the Public | publisher = U.S. Department of Health and Human Services }}</ref> 
*[[Hypertension]]<ref name="Young2004">{{cite journal|last1=Young|first1=Terry|title=Risk Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults|journal=JAMA|volume=291|issue=16|year=2004|pages=2013|issn=0098-7484|doi=10.1001/jama.291.16.2013}}</ref>
*Narrowed airway
 
:*This may be inherited, or due to an [[enlarged adenoids]] or [[Palatine tonsils#Tonsillar hypertrophy|enlarged tonsils]] which may block the airway
*[[Facial deformities]]
*Neck circumference
 
:*Individuals with a thicker neck may have a narrower airway
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Family history]]
 
:*A positive family history may have a higher risk of developing sleep apnea
*[[Esophageal reflux]]
*[[Race]]
:*African American men younger than 39 years and between 50 and 59 years have a higher rate of sleep apnea compared to Caucasian men of the same ages<ref name="Pranathiageswaran-2013">{{Cite journal | last1 = Pranathiageswaran | first1 = S. | last2 = Badr | first2 = MS. | last3 = Severson | first3 = R. | last4 = Rowley | first4 = JA. | title = The influence of race on the severity of sleep disordered breathing. | journal = J Clin Sleep Med | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 303-9 | month = Apr | year = 2013 | doi = 10.5664/jcsm.2572 | PMID = 23585743 }}</ref>   w
*Use of [[alcohol]], [[sedatives]] or [[tranquilizers]]  
:*These substances relax the muscles in the throat
*[[Smoking]]<ref>{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = Sleep apnea: Risk factors - MayoClinic.com | url = http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/sleep-apnea/DS00148/DSECTION=risk-factors | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = 12 August 2013 }}</ref>
:*Smokers are three times more likely to have obstructive sleep apnea than are people who have never smoked. 
:*Smoking may increase the amount of inflammation and fluid retention in the upper airway
*A deviated septum, allergies, or chronic  nasal congestion
:*Due to a nasal obstruction
*Craniofacial and upper-airway structure
:*Skeletal or soft tissue abnormalities including dysmorphisms
*Diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and stroke<ref name="Young2004">{{cite journal|last1=Young|first1=Terry|title=Risk Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults|journal=JAMA|volume=291|issue=16|year=2004|pages=2013|issn=0098-7484|doi=10.1001/jama.291.16.2013}}</ref>  
:*Due to common risk factors to all these conditions and sleep apnea


*Enlarged [[tonsils]] or [[adenoids]]


Risk factors for central sleep apnea include:
*Chronic respiratory tract conditions such as:
*Male gender
:*[[Asthma]]
*Age
:*Adults older than age 65
:*Due to other medical conditions or sleep patterns that are more likely to cause central  sleep apnea
*Cardiac disorders such as atrial fibrillation or congestive  heart failure
*High altitude
*Chronic opioid use
*Stroke or  brain tumor
:*These brain conditions can impair the brain's ability to regulate breathing
*Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
:*Some people with obstructive sleep apnea develop central sleep apnea while using CPAP
:*This is known as complex sleep apnea because it is a combination of obstructive and central sleep apneas


:*[[Allergies]]


:*[[Chronic bronchitis]]
:*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
Medical conditions that are Risk factors for central sleep apnea (CSA) include:
*[[Bulbar poliomyelitis]]
*[[Encephalitis]]
*[[Neurodegenerative diseases]]
*[[Stroke]]
*[[Problems after cervical spine surgery]]
*[[Primary hypoventilation syndrome]]
*[[Brain tumors]]
*[[Down syndrome]]
[[Continuous positive airway pressure]] ([[CPAP]]) is a risk factor for complex sleep apnea (also known as mixed sleep apnea) because patients with obstructive  sleep apnea may develop central sleep apnea.


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


[[Category: Sleep disorders]]
[[Category:Sleep disorders ]]
[[Category:Medical conditions related to obesity]]
[[Category:Medical conditions related to obesity]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]


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Revision as of 18:38, 6 July 2015

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Saarah T. Alkhairy, M.D.

Overview

The risk factors of sleep apnea include smoking, alcohol, sedatives, tranquilizers, males, a positive family history, certain ethnic backgrounds such as African Americans, and individuals over 60 years. There are certain medical conditions for both obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea that are important risk factors. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a risk factor for complex sleep apnea (also known as mixed sleep apnea) because patients with obstructive sleep apnea may develop central sleep apnea.

Risk Factors

The table below lists the risk factors for sleep apnea:

Risk Factor Description
Smoking Smoking may increase the amount of inflammation and fluid retention in the upper airway"Sleep apnea: Risk factors - MayoClinic.com". Retrieved 12 August 2013.
Alcohol This relaxes the muscles in the throat
Sedatives/tranquilizers This relaxes the muscles in the throat the throat
Male Gender Men are more likely to suffer sleep apnea than women and children are, though it is not uncommon in the last two population groups"Sleep Apnea: Who Is At Risk for Sleep Apnea?". NHLBI: Health Information for the Public. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Genetic Factors A positive family history may have a higher risk of developing sleep apnea
Ethnic Background African Americans, people of Mexican origin, and Pacific Islanders
Physical Characteristics Thick neck, obstructed nasal passages, large tongue, narrow airway, receding chin, overbite, certain shapes and increased rigidity of the palate and jaw
Age Sleep apnea occurs significantly in adults older than 60"Sleep apnea: Risk factors - MayoClinic.com". Retrieved 12 August 2013.

Medical conditions that are Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) include:

  • Obesity is the best documented risk factor for OSA
  • Chronic respiratory tract conditions such as:


Medical conditions that are Risk factors for central sleep apnea (CSA) include:


Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a risk factor for complex sleep apnea (also known as mixed sleep apnea) because patients with obstructive sleep apnea may develop central sleep apnea.

References

  1. ↑ Young, T.; Skatrud, J.; Peppard, PE. (2004). "Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in adults". JAMA. 291 (16): 2013–6. doi:10.1001/jama.291.16.2013. PMID 15113821. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Young, Terry (2004). "Risk Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults". JAMA. 291 (16): 2013. doi:10.1001/jama.291.16.2013. ISSN 0098-7484.

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