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==Prevalence==
==Prevalence==
*Estimates of disease prevalence in general are in the range of 3% to 7%<ref name="pmid18250205">{{cite journal| author=Punjabi NM| title=The epidemiology of adult obstructive sleep apnea. | journal=Proc Am Thorac Soc | year= 2008 | volume= 5 | issue= 2 | pages= 136-43 | pmid=18250205 | doi=10.1513/pats.200709-155MG | pmc=PMC2645248 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18250205  }} </ref>
*Estimates of disease prevalence in general are in the range of 3,000-7,000 per 100,000<ref name="pmid18250205">{{cite journal| author=Punjabi NM| title=The epidemiology of adult obstructive sleep apnea. | journal=Proc Am Thorac Soc | year= 2008 | volume= 5 | issue= 2 | pages= 136-43 | pmid=18250205 | doi=10.1513/pats.200709-155MG | pmc=PMC2645248 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18250205  }} </ref>
*3 to 7% for adult men and 2 to 5% for adult women in the general population<ref name="Punjabi2008">{{cite journal|last1=Punjabi|first1=N. M.|title=The Epidemiology of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea|journal=Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society|volume=5|issue=2|year=2008|pages=136–143|issn=1546-3222|doi=10.1513/pats.200709-155MG}}</ref>
*3,000-7,000 per 100,000 for adult men and 2,000-5,000 per 100,000 for adult women in the general population<ref name="Punjabi2008">{{cite journal|last1=Punjabi|first1=N. M.|title=The Epidemiology of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea|journal=Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society|volume=5|issue=2|year=2008|pages=136–143|issn=1546-3222|doi=10.1513/pats.200709-155MG}}</ref>
*The prevalence is similar worldwide which suggests the disease is common in developed and developing countries<ref name="Punjabi2008">{{cite journal|last1=Punjabi|first1=N. M.|title=The Epidemiology of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea |journal=Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society|volume=5|issue=2|year=2008|pages=136–143|issn=1546-3222|doi=10.1513/pats.200709-155MG}}</ref>


==Age==
==Age==
*Increases 2-3 times in individuals older than 60-65 years<ref name="pmid9445292">{{cite journal| author=Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Ten Have T, Tyson K, Kales A| title=Effects of age on sleep apnea in men: I. Prevalence and severity. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 1998 | volume= 157 | issue= 1 | pages= 144-8 | pmid=9445292 | doi=10.1164/ajrccm.157.1.9706079 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9445292  }} </ref>
*The prevalence of sleep apnea is 2-3 greater in individuals older than 60-65 years<ref name="pmid9445292">{{cite journal| author=Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Ten Have T, Tyson K, Kales A| title=Effects of age on sleep apnea in men: I. Prevalence and severity. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 1998 | volume= 157 | issue= 1 | pages= 144-8 | pmid=9445292 | doi=10.1164/ajrccm.157.1.9706079 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9445292  }} </ref>


==Gender==
==Gender==
*The male-to-female  ratio  is 2-3:1<ref name="pmid8118642">{{cite journal| author=Redline S, Kump K, Tishler PV, Browner I, Ferrette V| title=Gender differences in  sleep disordered  breathing in a community-based sample. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 1994 | volume= 149 | issue= 3 Pt 1 | pages= 722-6 | pmid=8118642 | doi=10.1164/ajrccm.149.3.8118642 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8118642  }} </ref>
*The male to female  ratio  is 2-3 to 1<ref name="pmid8118642">{{cite journal| author=Redline S, Kump K, Tishler PV, Browner I, Ferrette V| title=Gender differences in  sleep disordered  breathing in a community-based sample. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 1994 | volume= 149 | issue= 3 Pt 1 | pages= 722-6 | pmid=8118642 | doi=10.1164/ajrccm.149.3.8118642 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8118642  }} </ref>
:*This may be due to males typically having a larger neck circumference and a longer pharyngeal airway, which make them more susceptible to sleep apnea
:*This may be due to males typically having a larger neck circumference and a longer pharyngeal airway, which makes them more susceptible to sleep apnea
*Postmenopausal women have 2-3 times greater risk of moderate-to-severe OSA compared with premenopausal women<ref name="pmid8304655">{{cite journal | author = Hla KM, Young TB, Bidwell T, Palta M, Skatrud JB, Dempsey J | title = Sleep apnea and hypertension. A population-based study | journal = Ann. Intern. Med. | volume = 120 | issue = 5 | pages = 382–8 | year = 1994 | month = March | pmid = 8304655 | doi = | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid12531779">{{cite journal | author = Shahar E, Redline S, Young T, ''et al.'' | title = Hormone replacement therapy and sleep-disordered breathing | journal = Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. | volume = 167 | issue = 9 | pages = 1186–92 | year = 2003 | month = May | pmid = 12531779 | doi = 10.1164/rccm.200210-1238OC | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid12615621">{{cite journal | author = Young T, Finn L, Austin D, Peterson A | title = Menopausal status and sleep-disordered breathing in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study | journal = Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. | volume = 167 | issue = 9 | pages = 1181–5 | year = 2003 | month = May | pmid = 12615621 | doi = 10.1164/rccm.200209-1055OC | url = | issn = }}</ref>


==Race==
==Race==
*African-Americans have a 2.5 times greater risk of obstructive sleep apnea than Caucasians<ref name="pmid11282771">{{cite journal| author=Cakirer B, Hans MG, Graham G, Aylor J, Tishler PV, Redline S| title=The relationship between craniofacial morphology and obstructive sleep apnea in whites and in African-Americans. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2001 | volume= 163 | issue= 4 | pages= 947-50 | pmid=11282771 | doi=10.1164/ajrccm.163.4.2005136 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11282771  }} </ref>
*African-Americans have a 2-3 times greater risk of obstructive sleep apnea than Caucasians<ref name="pmid11282771">{{cite journal| author=Cakirer B, Hans MG, Graham G, Aylor J, Tishler PV, Redline S| title=The relationship between craniofacial morphology and obstructive sleep apnea in whites and in African-Americans. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2001 | volume= 163 | issue= 4 | pages= 947-50 | pmid=11282771 | doi=10.1164/ajrccm.163.4.2005136 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11282771  }} </ref>
*Chinese and Caucasians have the same prevalence
*Chinese and Caucasians have the same prevalence
:*Chinese patients with OSA have a more crowded upper airway and relative retrognathia compared to Caucasians - therefore OSA in the Chinese is due to craniofacial factors rather tun obesity<ref name="pmid17625094">{{cite journal| author=Patil SP, Schneider H, Schwartz AR, Smith PL| title=Adult obstructive sleep apnea: pathophysiology and diagnosis. | journal=Chest | year= 2007 | volume= 132 | issue= 1 | pages= 325-37 | pmid=17625094 | doi=10.1378/chest.07-0040 | pmc=PMC2813513 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17625094  }} </ref>
:*Chinese patients with OSA have a more crowded upper airway and relative retrognathia compared to Caucasians - therefore OSA in the Chinese is due to craniofacial factors rather than obesity<ref name="pmid17625094">{{cite journal| author=Patil SP, Schneider H, Schwartz AR, Smith PL| title=Adult obstructive sleep apnea: pathophysiology and diagnosis. | journal=Chest | year= 2007 | volume= 132 | issue= 1 | pages= 325-37 | pmid=17625094 | doi=10.1378/chest.07-0040 | pmc=PMC2813513 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17625094  }} </ref>
 
*Central sleep apnea is prevalent according to the underlying cause
==Developed Countries==
:*For example, it can occur in up to 24% of chronic opiate users<ref name="pmid16162728">{{cite journal| author=Wang D, Teichtahl H, Drummer O, Goodman C, Cherry G, Cunnington D et al.| title=Central sleep apnea in stable methadone maintenance treatment patients. | journal=Chest | year= 2005 | volume= 128 | issue= 3 | pages= 1348-56 | pmid=16162728 | doi=10.1378/chest.128.3.1348 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16162728 }} </ref>
*The prevalence in North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia are similar which suggests that the disease is common in developed and developing countries<ref name="Punjabi2008">{{cite journal|last1=Punjabi|first1=N. M.|title=The Epidemiology of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea |journal=Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society|volume=5|issue=2|year=2008|pages=136–143|issn=1546-3222|doi=10.1513/pats.200709-155MG}}</ref>
 
==Developing Countries==
*Although the prevalence of sleep apnea is the same in developed and developing countries, many physicians are not aware of its diagnosis and management<ref name="pmid12971574">{{cite journal| author=Hussain SF, Zahid S, Haqqee R, Khan JA| title=General physicians' perspective of sleep apnea from a developing country. | journal=Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health | year= 2003 | volume= 34 | issue= 2 | pages= 420-3 | pmid=12971574 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12971574 }} </ref>


==References==
==References==
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{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


[[Category:   Sleep disorders]]
[[Category:Sleep disorders]]
[[Category:Medical conditions related to obesity]]
[[Category:Medical conditions related to obesity]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]

Revision as of 14:27, 8 July 2015

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Saarah T. Alkhairy, M.D.

Overview

The prevalence of sleep apnea is rising in the general population. The prevalence is higher with individuals that are older than 60-65 years, males, and certain races such as African Americans. The prevalence in North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia are similar which suggests that the disease is common in developed and developing countries.

Prevalence

  • Estimates of disease prevalence in general are in the range of 3,000-7,000 per 100,000[1]
  • 3,000-7,000 per 100,000 for adult men and 2,000-5,000 per 100,000 for adult women in the general population[2]
  • The prevalence is similar worldwide which suggests the disease is common in developed and developing countries[2]

Age

  • The prevalence of sleep apnea is 2-3 greater in individuals older than 60-65 years[3]

Gender

  • The male to female ratio is 2-3 to 1[4]
  • This may be due to males typically having a larger neck circumference and a longer pharyngeal airway, which makes them more susceptible to sleep apnea
  • Postmenopausal women have 2-3 times greater risk of moderate-to-severe OSA compared with premenopausal women[5][6][7]

Race

  • African-Americans have a 2-3 times greater risk of obstructive sleep apnea than Caucasians[8]
  • Chinese and Caucasians have the same prevalence
  • Chinese patients with OSA have a more crowded upper airway and relative retrognathia compared to Caucasians - therefore OSA in the Chinese is due to craniofacial factors rather than obesity[9]
  • Central sleep apnea is prevalent according to the underlying cause
  • For example, it can occur in up to 24% of chronic opiate users[10]

References

  1. ↑ Punjabi NM (2008). "The epidemiology of adult obstructive sleep apnea". Proc Am Thorac Soc. 5 (2): 136–43. doi:10.1513/pats.200709-155MG. PMC 2645248. PMID 18250205.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Punjabi, N. M. (2008). "The Epidemiology of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea". Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. 5 (2): 136–143. doi:10.1513/pats.200709-155MG. ISSN 1546-3222.
  3. ↑ Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Ten Have T, Tyson K, Kales A (1998). "Effects of age on sleep apnea in men: I. Prevalence and severity". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 157 (1): 144–8. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.157.1.9706079. PMID 9445292.
  4. ↑ Redline S, Kump K, Tishler PV, Browner I, Ferrette V (1994). "Gender differences in sleep disordered breathing in a community-based sample". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 149 (3 Pt 1): 722–6. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.149.3.8118642. PMID 8118642.
  5. ↑ Hla KM, Young TB, Bidwell T, Palta M, Skatrud JB, Dempsey J (1994). "Sleep apnea and hypertension. A population-based study". Ann. Intern. Med. 120 (5): 382–8. PMID 8304655. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ Shahar E, Redline S, Young T; et al. (2003). "Hormone replacement therapy and sleep-disordered breathing". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 167 (9): 1186–92. doi:10.1164/rccm.200210-1238OC. PMID 12531779. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ Young T, Finn L, Austin D, Peterson A (2003). "Menopausal status and sleep-disordered breathing in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 167 (9): 1181–5. doi:10.1164/rccm.200209-1055OC. PMID 12615621. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ Cakirer B, Hans MG, Graham G, Aylor J, Tishler PV, Redline S (2001). "The relationship between craniofacial morphology and obstructive sleep apnea in whites and in African-Americans". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 163 (4): 947–50. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.163.4.2005136. PMID 11282771.
  9. ↑ Patil SP, Schneider H, Schwartz AR, Smith PL (2007). "Adult obstructive sleep apnea: pathophysiology and diagnosis". Chest. 132 (1): 325–37. doi:10.1378/chest.07-0040. PMC 2813513. PMID 17625094.
  10. ↑ Wang D, Teichtahl H, Drummer O, Goodman C, Cherry G, Cunnington D; et al. (2005). "Central sleep apnea in stable methadone maintenance treatment patients". Chest. 128 (3): 1348–56. doi:10.1378/chest.128.3.1348. PMID 16162728.

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