Sleep apnea natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Sleep apnea can arise from snoring, leading to serious complications. Common complications include daytime sleepiness, depression, and headaches. More serious complications include cardiovascular diseases, stroke | Sleep apnea can arise from snoring, leading to serious complications. Common complications include daytime sleepiness, depression, and headaches. More serious complications include [[cardiovascular]] diseases, [[stroke]] and [[hypertension]] The prognosis of sleep apnea is very good if treated. If it goes untreated, the patient can possibly die from the serious complications. | ||
==Natural History== | ==Natural History== | ||
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*Eventually, the [[snoring]] may happen more often and get louder | *Eventually, the [[snoring]] may happen more often and get louder | ||
*As a result, the patient can develop daytime sleepiness, depression | *As a result, the patient can develop daytime sleepiness, [[depression]] [[headaches]] complications with surgery, complications with anesthesia/medications, and impotence | ||
*The individual would have complaints from sleep-deprived partners | *The individual would have complaints from sleep-deprived partners | ||
*If the sleep apnea is left untreated, more serious complications can arise such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke, CHF, and atrial fibrillation | *If the sleep apnea is left untreated, more serious complications can arise such as [[hypertension]], [[coronary artery disease]], [[stroke]], [[CHF]], and [[atrial fibrillation]] | ||
==Complications== | ==Complications== | ||
Complications that can develop as a result of sleep apnea are: | Complications that can develop as a result of sleep apnea are: | ||
*Daytime sleepiness | *Daytime sleepiness | ||
*Depression | *[[Depression]] | ||
*Hypertension | *[[Hypertension]] | ||
*Coronary artery disease | *[[Coronary artery disease]] | ||
*Stroke | *[[Stroke]] | ||
*CHF | *[[CHF]] | ||
*Atrial fibrillation | *[[Atrial fibrillation]] | ||
*Complications with surgery | *Complications with surgery | ||
*Complications with anesthesia and other medications | *Complications with anesthesia and other medications | ||
*Headaches | *[[Headaches]] | ||
*Impotence | *[[Impotence]] | ||
*Sleep-deprived partners | *Sleep-deprived partners | ||
*Failure to thrive in small children | *[[Failure to thrive]] in small children | ||
*Attention deficits and hyperactivity in children | *Attention deficits and [[hyperactivity]] in children | ||
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
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:*The repeated stops and starts in breathing throughout the sleep period elevates blood pressure and causes stress on the heart | :*The repeated stops and starts in breathing throughout the sleep period elevates blood pressure and causes stress on the heart | ||
*Poor prognostic factors in central sleep apnea include: | *Poor prognostic factors in central sleep apnea include: | ||
:*Alterations in neuromuscular control of breathing | :*Alterations in [[neuromuscular]] control of breathing | ||
:*Drug usage for mental health conditions | :*Drug usage for mental health conditions | ||
:*Long-acting opioid medications<ref name=DSMV>{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 0890425558}}</ref> | :*Long-acting [[opioid]] medications<ref name=DSMV>{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 0890425558}}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 19:05, 7 July 2015
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Saarah T. Alkhairy, M.D.
Overview
Sleep apnea can arise from snoring, leading to serious complications. Common complications include daytime sleepiness, depression, and headaches. More serious complications include cardiovascular diseases, stroke and hypertension The prognosis of sleep apnea is very good if treated. If it goes untreated, the patient can possibly die from the serious complications.
Natural History
- Sleep apnea is a progressive disease that evolves from snoring[1]
- Heavy snoring moves towards intermittent apneas[1]
- Choking or gasping may also follow the apneas
- Eventually, the snoring may happen more often and get louder
- As a result, the patient can develop daytime sleepiness, depression headaches complications with surgery, complications with anesthesia/medications, and impotence
- The individual would have complaints from sleep-deprived partners
- If the sleep apnea is left untreated, more serious complications can arise such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke, CHF, and atrial fibrillation
Complications
Complications that can develop as a result of sleep apnea are:
- Daytime sleepiness
- Depression
- Hypertension
- Coronary artery disease
- Stroke
- CHF
- Atrial fibrillation
- Complications with surgery
- Complications with anesthesia and other medications
- Headaches
- Impotence
- Sleep-deprived partners
- Failure to thrive in small children
- Attention deficits and hyperactivity in children
Prognosis
- The prognosis for patients is very good if properly treated and managed
- Obstructive sleep apnea can be a serious, life-threatening condition if left untreated
- The repeated stops and starts in breathing throughout the sleep period elevates blood pressure and causes stress on the heart
- Poor prognostic factors in central sleep apnea include:
- Alterations in neuromuscular control of breathing
- Drug usage for mental health conditions
- Long-acting opioid medications[2]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Grunstein, R.R. (1994). "Sleep apnoea - evolution and doubt". European Respiratory Journal. 7 (10): 1741–1743. doi:10.1183/09031936.94.07101741. ISSN 0000-0000.
- ↑ Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 0890425558.