Cervical cancer historical perspective: Difference between revisions
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* 1988 - [[Bethesda System]] for reporting Pap results was developed | * 1988 - [[Bethesda System]] for reporting Pap results was developed | ||
* 2006 - First [[HPV vaccine]] FDA was approved | * 2006 - First [[HPV vaccine]] FDA was approved | ||
These historical observations suggested that cervical cancer could be caused by a sexually transmitted agent. Initial research in the 1940s and 1950s attributed cervical cancer to [[smegma]] (e.g. Heins ''et al.'' 1958).<ref name = "Heins1958">{{cite journal | author = Heins HC, Dennis EJ, Pratthomas HR | title = The possible role of smegma in carcinoma of the cervix | journal = American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology | volume = 76 | issue = 4 | pages = 726–33 | year = 1958 | pmid = 13583012 | doi = }}</ref> During the 1960s and 1970s it was suspected that infection with [[herpes simplex virus]] was the cause of the disease. In summary, [[Herpes simplex virus|HSV]] was seen as a likely cause because it is known to survive in the female reproductive tract, to be transmitted sexually in a way compatible with known risk factors, such as promiscuity and low socioeconomic status.<ref name="pmid4352386">{{cite journal | author = Alexander ER | title = Possible Etiologies of Cancer of the Cervix Other Than Herpesvirus | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 33 | issue = 6 | pages = 1485–90 | year = 1973 | pmid = 4352386 }}</ref> Herpes viruses were also implicated in other malignant diseases, including [[Burkitt's lymphoma]], [[Nasopharyngeal carcinoma]], [[Marek's disease]] and the Lucké renal adenocarcinoma. HSV was recovered from cervical tumour cells. | |||
A description of [[human papillomavirus]] (HPV) by [[electron microscopy]] was given in 1949, and HPV-DNA was identified in 1963.{{citation needed|date=October 2010}} It was not until the 1980s that HPV was identified in cervical cancer tissue.<ref name="pmid6304740">{{cite journal | author = Dürst M, Gissmann L, Ikenberg H, zur Hausen H | title = A papillomavirus DNA from a cervical carcinoma and its prevalence in cancer biopsy samples from different geographic regions | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 80 | issue = 12 | pages = 3812–5 | year = 1983 | pmid = 6304740 | pmc = 394142 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.80.12.3812 }}.</ref> It has since been demonstrated that HPV is implicated in virtually all cervical cancers.<ref name="pmid16670757">{{cite journal | author = Lowy DR, Schiller JT | title = Prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines | journal = J. Clin. Invest. | volume = 116 | issue = 5 | pages = 1167–73 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16670757 | pmc = 1451224 | doi = 10.1172/JCI28607 }}</ref> Specific viral subtypes implicated are HPV 16, 18, 31, 45 and others. | |||
In work that was initiated in the mid 1980s, the HPV vaccine was developed, in parallel, by researchers at [[Georgetown University]] Medical Center, the [[University of Rochester]], the [[University of Queensland]] in Australia, and the U.S. [[National Cancer Institute]].<ref> | |||
{{cite journal | author = McNeil C | title = Who invented the VLP cervical cancer vaccines? | journal = J. Natl. Cancer Inst. | volume = 98 | issue = 7 | pages = 433 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16595773 | doi = 10.1093/jnci/djj144 }} PMID 16595773</ref> In 2006, the [[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) approved the first preventive HPV vaccine, marketed by [[Merck & Co.]] under the trade name Gardasil. | |||
A description of [[human papillomavirus]] (HPV) by [[electron microscopy]] was given in 1949, and HPV-DNA was identified in 1963.{{citation needed|date=October 2010}} It was not until the 1980s that HPV was identified in cervical cancer tissue.<ref name="pmid6304740">{{cite journal | author = Dürst M, Gissmann L, Ikenberg H, zur Hausen H | title = A papillomavirus DNA from a cervical carcinoma and its prevalence in cancer biopsy samples from different geographic regions | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 80 | issue = 12 | pages = 3812–5 | year = 1983 | pmid = 6304740 | pmc = 394142 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.80.12.3812 }}.</ref> It has since been demonstrated that HPV is implicated in virtually all cervical cancers.<ref name="pmid16670757">{{cite journal | author = Lowy DR, Schiller JT | title = Prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines | journal = J. Clin. Invest. | volume = 116 | issue = 5 | pages = 1167–73 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16670757 | pmc = 1451224 | doi = 10.1172/JCI28607 }}</ref> Specific viral subtypes implicated are HPV 16, 18, 31, 45 and others.< | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Historical Perspective
History
- 400 BCE - Hippocrates noted that cervical cancer was incurable
- Epidemiologists working in the early 20th century noted that cervical cancer behaved like a sexually transmitted disease.
In summary:
- Cervical cancer was noted to be common in female sex workers.
- It was rare in nuns, except for those who had been sexually active before entering the convent. (Rigoni in 1841)
- It was more common in the second wives of men whose first wives had died from cervical cancer.
- It was rare in Jewish women.[1]
- In 1935, Syverton and Berry discovered a relationship between RPV (Rabbit Papillomavirus) and skin cancer in rabbits. (HPV is species-specific and therefore cannot be transmitted to rabbits)[citation needed]
- 1925 - Hinselmann invented the colposcope
- 1928 - Papanicolaou developed the Papanicolaou technique
- 1941 - Papanicolaou and Trout: Pap smear screening began
- 1946 - Aylesbury spatula was developed to scrape the cervix, collecting the sample for the Pap smear
- 1951 - First successful in-vitro cell line, HeLa, derived from biopsy of cervical cancer of Henrietta Lacks
- 1976 - Harald zur Hausen and Gisam found HPV DNA in cervical cancer and genital warts; Hausen later won the Nobel Prize for his work[2]
- 1988 - Bethesda System for reporting Pap results was developed
- 2006 - First HPV vaccine FDA was approved
These historical observations suggested that cervical cancer could be caused by a sexually transmitted agent. Initial research in the 1940s and 1950s attributed cervical cancer to smegma (e.g. Heins et al. 1958).[3] During the 1960s and 1970s it was suspected that infection with herpes simplex virus was the cause of the disease. In summary, HSV was seen as a likely cause because it is known to survive in the female reproductive tract, to be transmitted sexually in a way compatible with known risk factors, such as promiscuity and low socioeconomic status.[4] Herpes viruses were also implicated in other malignant diseases, including Burkitt's lymphoma, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Marek's disease and the Lucké renal adenocarcinoma. HSV was recovered from cervical tumour cells.
A description of human papillomavirus (HPV) by electron microscopy was given in 1949, and HPV-DNA was identified in 1963.[citation needed] It was not until the 1980s that HPV was identified in cervical cancer tissue.[5] It has since been demonstrated that HPV is implicated in virtually all cervical cancers.[6] Specific viral subtypes implicated are HPV 16, 18, 31, 45 and others. In work that was initiated in the mid 1980s, the HPV vaccine was developed, in parallel, by researchers at Georgetown University Medical Center, the University of Rochester, the University of Queensland in Australia, and the U.S. National Cancer Institute.[7] In 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first preventive HPV vaccine, marketed by Merck & Co. under the trade name Gardasil.
References
- ↑ Menczer J (2003). "The low incidence of cervical cancer in Jewish women: has the puzzle finally been solved?" (PDF). Isr. Med. Assoc. J. 5 (2): 120–3. PMID 12674663.
- ↑ zur Hausen, Harald (2002). "Papillomaviruses and cancer: from basic studies to clinical application". Nature Reviews Cancer. 2 (5): 342–350. doi:10.1038/nrc798. ISSN 1474-1768.
- ↑ Heins HC, Dennis EJ, Pratthomas HR (1958). "The possible role of smegma in carcinoma of the cervix". American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 76 (4): 726–33. PMID 13583012.
- ↑ Alexander ER (1973). "Possible Etiologies of Cancer of the Cervix Other Than Herpesvirus". Cancer Research. 33 (6): 1485–90. PMID 4352386.
- ↑ Dürst M, Gissmann L, Ikenberg H, zur Hausen H (1983). "A papillomavirus DNA from a cervical carcinoma and its prevalence in cancer biopsy samples from different geographic regions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 80 (12): 3812–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.80.12.3812. PMC 394142. PMID 6304740..
- ↑ Lowy DR, Schiller JT (2006). "Prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines". J. Clin. Invest. 116 (5): 1167–73. doi:10.1172/JCI28607. PMC 1451224. PMID 16670757.
- ↑ McNeil C (April 2006). "Who invented the VLP cervical cancer vaccines?". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 98 (7): 433. doi:10.1093/jnci/djj144. PMID 16595773. PMID 16595773