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__NOTOC__
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{{Neuroblastoma}}
{{Neuroblastoma}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{HL}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Patients with neuroblastoma have many treatment options. The selection depends on the stage of the tumor. The options are surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, retinoid therapy, or a combination of these methods. Before treatment starts, ask your health care team about possible side effects and how treatment may change your normal activities. Because cancer treatments often damage healthy cells and tissues, [[side effects]] are common. Side effects may not be the same for each person, and they may change from one treatment session to the next.
Children Oncology Group (COG) risk stratification system determines the protocol of management used for neuroblastoma patients. Low risk neuroblastoma patients are usually managed with either observation or [[surgical resection]] of the [[tumor]]. Intermidiate risk neuroblastoma patients are usually managed with [[neoadjuvant chemotherapy]] in advance of a definitive surgical resection. Whereas high risk neuroblastoma patients are usually managed with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, [[hematopoietic]] [[stem cell]] [[transplantation]], differentiation therapy, and [[immunotherapy]].<ref name="gov">Neuroblastoma treatment–for health professionals. National Cancer Institute (2015) http://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/hp/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq#section/_1 Accessed on October, 8 2015</ref>


==Medical Therapy==
==Medical Therapy==
===Risk Stratification===
* Children Oncology Group (COG) risk stratification system determines the protocol of management used for neuroblastoma patients.
* Low risk neuroblastoma patients are usually managed by either observation or [[surgical resection]] of the [[tumor]].
* Intermediate risk neuroblastoma patients are usually managed by [[neoadjuvant chemotherapy]] in advance of a definitive surgical resection.
* High risk neuroblastoma patients are usually managed by a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, [[hematopoietic]] [[stem cell]] [[transplantation]], and [[immunotherapy]].<ref name="gov">Neuroblastoma treatment–for health professionals. National Cancer Institute (2015) http://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/hp/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq#section/_1 Accessed on October, 8 2015</ref>
* The algorithm below summarizes the management approach for neuroblastoma patients:
<br>
{{Family tree/start}}
{{familytree  | | | | | | Y01 | | | | | | | | Y01=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;">'''Children's Oncology Group risk stratification'''</div>}}
{{familytree  | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | }}
{{familytree  | | X01 | |  X02 | | X03 | | | |X01=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;">'''Low risk patients'''</div>| X02=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;">'''Intermediate risk patients'''</div>| X03=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;">'''High risk patients'''</div>}}
{{familytree|boxstyle= border-top: 0px;| | A01 | |  A02 | | A03 | | | |A01=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
*'''Surgery followed by chemotherapy'''
*'''Chemotherapy with or without surgery'''
*'''Observation without [[biopsy]]'''
</div>|A02=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
*'''[[Chemotherapy]] with or without surgery'''
*'''Surgery and observation'''
*'''[[Radiation therapy]]'''
</div>|A03=<div style="width: 20em; padding:0em;text-align:left">
*'''A combination of chemotherapy, surgery, stem cell transplantation, radiation therapy, differentiation therapy, [[immunotherapy]], and [[isotretinoin]]'''
</div>}}
{{Family tree/end}}
<br>


:*Radiation therapy: This is a cancer treatment to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing by using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation.
===Management of Low Risk Neuroblastoma Patients<ref name="gov">Neuroblastoma treatment–for health professionals. National Cancer Institute (2015) http://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/hp/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq#section/_1 Accessed on October, 8 2015</ref>===
:*Chemotherapy: The treatment is to use drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. Common drugs include cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide, cisplatin or carboplatin.  
====Observation====
:*High-dose chemotherapy/radiation therapy and stem cell transplant: This type of treatment is sometimes used in children with high-risk neuroblastoma who are unlikely to be cured with other treatments.
* Low risk neuroblastoma patients younger than 6 months of age may be safely observed '''without''' obtaining a definitive histologic diagnosis or performing any surgical intervention.
:*Retinoid therapy: This kind of treatment is thought to help some cells to differentiate into normal cells. For children with high-risk neuroblastoma, 13-cis-retinoic acid is used to reduce the risk of recurrence after high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplant.
* Observation among such patients avoids potential surgical complications, as the majority of neuroblastomas occurring in this age group demonstrate spontaneous regression.
====Radiotherapy====
* Radiotherapy is generally not recommended among low risk neuroblastoma patients.
====Chemotherapy====
* Indications for chemotherapy among low risk neuroblastoma patients include:
:* Stage 1 or stage 2 tumors associated with ''MYCN'' amplification
:* Age older than 18 months presenting with a stage 2B tumor and an unfavorable [[histology]]
:* Symptomatic patients due to [[spinal cord]] compression, [[respiratory]] compromise, and [[hepatic]] infiltration
* Chemotherapeutic regimens recommended for the management of neuroblastoma may include agents such as:
:* [[Carboplatin]]
:* [[Cyclophosphamide]]
:* [[Doxorubicin]]
:* [[Etoposide]]
 
===Management of Intermediate Risk Neuroblastoma Patients<ref name="gov">Neuroblastoma treatment–for health professionals. National Cancer Institute (2015) http://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/hp/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq#section/_1 Accessed on October, 8 2015</ref>===
====Observation====
* Observation is generally not recommended among intermediate risk neuroblastoma patients.
====Radiotherapy====
* Indications for radiotherapy among intermediate risk neuroblastoma patients include:
:* Symptomatic life-threatening neuroblastoma refractory to chemotherapy and/or surgery
:* Rapidly growing neuroblastoma associated with progressive disease symptoms
 
====Chemotherapy====
* Chemotherapeutic agents are generally effective in the treatment of intermediate risk neuroblastoma patients.
* Intermediate risk neuroblastoma patients with '''favorable histology''' are successfully managed by '''4''' cycles of chemotherapy following surgery.
* Intermediate risk neuroblastoma patients with '''unfavorable histology''' are successfully managed by '''8''' cycles of chemotherapy following surgery.
* Neoadjuvant chemotherapy may be used to facilitate the partial resection of previously unresectable neuroblastomas among intermediate risk patients.
* Chemotherapeutic regimens recommended for the management of  neuroblastoma include:
:* [[Carboplatin]]
:* [[Cyclophosphamide]]
:* [[Doxorubicin]]
:* [[Etoposide]]
 
===Management of High Risk Neuroblastoma Patients<ref name="gov">Neuroblastoma treatment–for health professionals. National Cancer Institute (2015) http://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/hp/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq#section/_1 Accessed on October, 8 2015</ref>===
====Observation====
* Observation is generally not recommended among high risk neuroblastoma patients.
====Radiotherapy====
* Radiation therapy to consolidate local control after surgical resection is recommended for the management of high risk neuroblastoma patients.
====Chemotherapy====
* Chemotherapy for high risk neuroblastoma patients is divided into the following three phases:
:* '''Induction therapy:'''
::* Chemotherapeutic regimens used in the induction therapy may include:
:::* [[Cisplatin]]
:::* [[Etoposide]]
:::* [[Vincristine]]
:::* [[Cyclophosphamide]]
:::* [[Doxorubicin]]
:::* [[Topotecan]]
:* '''Consolidation therapy:'''
::* Consolidation therapy of high risk neuroblastoma patients consists of high dose chemotherapeutic agents administered in tandem with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
::* Chemotherapeutic regimens used in the consolidation therapy may include:
:::* [[Carboplatin]]
:::* Etoposide
:::* [[Melphalan]]
:::* [[Busulfan]]
:::* Vincristine
:::* [[Irinotecan]]
:* '''Maintenance therapy:'''
::* A combination of differentiation therapy ([[GM-CSF]] and [[IL-2]]), [[isotretinoin]], and [[immunotherapy]] (chimeric anti-GD2 antibody-ch14.18) are adminstered following [[hematopoietic]] [[stem cell]] [[transplantation]] to improve the survival of high risk neuroblastoma patients.


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|1}}


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Revision as of 00:30, 10 October 2015

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Haytham Allaham, M.D. [2]

Overview

Children Oncology Group (COG) risk stratification system determines the protocol of management used for neuroblastoma patients. Low risk neuroblastoma patients are usually managed with either observation or surgical resection of the tumor. Intermidiate risk neuroblastoma patients are usually managed with neoadjuvant chemotherapy in advance of a definitive surgical resection. Whereas high risk neuroblastoma patients are usually managed with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, differentiation therapy, and immunotherapy.[1]

Medical Therapy

Risk Stratification

  • Children Oncology Group (COG) risk stratification system determines the protocol of management used for neuroblastoma patients.
  • Low risk neuroblastoma patients are usually managed by either observation or surgical resection of the tumor.
  • Intermediate risk neuroblastoma patients are usually managed by neoadjuvant chemotherapy in advance of a definitive surgical resection.
  • High risk neuroblastoma patients are usually managed by a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and immunotherapy.[1]
  • The algorithm below summarizes the management approach for neuroblastoma patients:


 
 
 
 
 
Children's Oncology Group risk stratification
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Low risk patients
 
Intermediate risk patients
 
High risk patients
 
 
 
 
  • Surgery followed by chemotherapy
  • Chemotherapy with or without surgery
  • Observation without biopsy
 
 
  • A combination of chemotherapy, surgery, stem cell transplantation, radiation therapy, differentiation therapy, immunotherapy, and isotretinoin
 
 
 


Management of Low Risk Neuroblastoma Patients[1]

Observation

  • Low risk neuroblastoma patients younger than 6 months of age may be safely observed without obtaining a definitive histologic diagnosis or performing any surgical intervention.
  • Observation among such patients avoids potential surgical complications, as the majority of neuroblastomas occurring in this age group demonstrate spontaneous regression.

Radiotherapy

  • Radiotherapy is generally not recommended among low risk neuroblastoma patients.

Chemotherapy

  • Indications for chemotherapy among low risk neuroblastoma patients include:
  • Stage 1 or stage 2 tumors associated with MYCN amplification
  • Age older than 18 months presenting with a stage 2B tumor and an unfavorable histology
  • Symptomatic patients due to spinal cord compression, respiratory compromise, and hepatic infiltration
  • Chemotherapeutic regimens recommended for the management of neuroblastoma may include agents such as:

Management of Intermediate Risk Neuroblastoma Patients[1]

Observation

  • Observation is generally not recommended among intermediate risk neuroblastoma patients.

Radiotherapy

  • Indications for radiotherapy among intermediate risk neuroblastoma patients include:
  • Symptomatic life-threatening neuroblastoma refractory to chemotherapy and/or surgery
  • Rapidly growing neuroblastoma associated with progressive disease symptoms

Chemotherapy

  • Chemotherapeutic agents are generally effective in the treatment of intermediate risk neuroblastoma patients.
  • Intermediate risk neuroblastoma patients with favorable histology are successfully managed by 4 cycles of chemotherapy following surgery.
  • Intermediate risk neuroblastoma patients with unfavorable histology are successfully managed by 8 cycles of chemotherapy following surgery.
  • Neoadjuvant chemotherapy may be used to facilitate the partial resection of previously unresectable neuroblastomas among intermediate risk patients.
  • Chemotherapeutic regimens recommended for the management of neuroblastoma include:

Management of High Risk Neuroblastoma Patients[1]

Observation

  • Observation is generally not recommended among high risk neuroblastoma patients.

Radiotherapy

  • Radiation therapy to consolidate local control after surgical resection is recommended for the management of high risk neuroblastoma patients.

Chemotherapy

  • Chemotherapy for high risk neuroblastoma patients is divided into the following three phases:
  • Induction therapy:
  • Chemotherapeutic regimens used in the induction therapy may include:
  • Consolidation therapy:
  • Consolidation therapy of high risk neuroblastoma patients consists of high dose chemotherapeutic agents administered in tandem with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
  • Chemotherapeutic regimens used in the consolidation therapy may include:
  • Maintenance therapy:

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Neuroblastoma treatment–for health professionals. National Cancer Institute (2015) http://www.cancer.gov/types/neuroblastoma/hp/neuroblastoma-treatment-pdq#section/_1 Accessed on October, 8 2015


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