Hypopharyngeal cancer risk factors

Hypopharyngeal cancer Microchapters
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Faizan Sheraz, M.D. [2]

Risk Factors

Smoking tobacco. Chewing tobacco. Heavy alcohol use. Diet without essential nutrients (B 12). Plummer-Vinson syndrome.