Oligoastrocytoma overview: Difference between revisions

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==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
The broad topic "oligodendroglial tumors", of which oligoastrocytoma is a part, was first described by Bailey and Cushing in 1926, where they mentioned that gliomas were formed by transformation of glial cells.<ref name=bailey>{{cite journal|title=A classification of the tumours of the glioma group on a histogenetic basis, with a correlated study of prognosis. By Percival Bailey and Harvey Cushing. Medium 8vo. Pp. 175, with 108 illustrations. 1926. Philadelphia, London, and Montreal: J. B. Lippincott Company. 21s. net|journal=British Journal of Surgery|volume=14|issue=55|year=1927|pages=554–555|issn=00071323|doi=10.1002/bjs.1800145540}}</ref><ref name="pmid16623651">{{cite journal| author=Chowdhary S, Chamberlain MC| title=Oligodendroglial tumors. | journal=Expert Rev Neurother | year= 2006 | volume= 6 | issue= 4 | pages= 519-32 | pmid=16623651 | doi=10.1586/14737175.6.4.519 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16623651  }} </ref> Celli et al in 1994 gave the name of "oligoastrocytoma" to those oligodendroglial tumors where the [[astrocytes]] formed more than 20% of the tumor cells.<ref name="pmid7885546">{{cite journal| author=Celli P, Nofrone I, Palma L, Cantore G, Fortuna A| title=Cerebral oligodendroglioma: prognostic factors and life history. | journal=Neurosurgery | year= 1994 | volume= 35 | issue= 6 | pages= 1018-34; discussion 1034-5 | pmid=7885546 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7885546  }} </ref>
The broad topic "oligodendroglial tumors", of which oligoastrocytoma is a part, was first described by Bailey and Cushing in 1926, where they mentioned that gliomas were formed by transformation of glial cells.<ref name=bailey>{{cite journal|title=A classification of the tumours of the glioma group on a histogenetic basis, with a correlated study of prognosis. By Percival Bailey and Harvey Cushing. Medium 8vo. Pp. 175, with 108 illustrations. 1926. Philadelphia, London, and Montreal: J. B. Lippincott Company. 21s. net|journal=British Journal of Surgery|volume=14|issue=55|year=1927|pages=554–555|issn=00071323|doi=10.1002/bjs.1800145540}}</ref><ref name="pmid16623651">{{cite journal| author=Chowdhary S, Chamberlain MC| title=Oligodendroglial tumors. | journal=Expert Rev Neurother | year= 2006 | volume= 6 | issue= 4 | pages= 519-32 | pmid=16623651 | doi=10.1586/14737175.6.4.519 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16623651  }} </ref> Celli et al in 1994 gave the name of "oligoastrocytoma" to those oligodendroglial tumors where the [[astrocytes]] formed more than 20% of the tumor cells.<ref name="pmid7885546">{{cite journal| author=Celli P, Nofrone I, Palma L, Cantore G, Fortuna A| title=Cerebral oligodendroglioma: prognostic factors and life history. | journal=Neurosurgery | year= 1994 | volume= 35 | issue= 6 | pages= 1018-34; discussion 1034-5 | pmid=7885546 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7885546  }} </ref>
==Classification==
==Classification==
Oligoastrocytoma may be classified according to the WHO classification of the central nervous system tumors into two subtypes: oligoastrocytoma (OAII) and [[oligoastrocytoma|anaplastic oligoastrocytoma]] (OAIII).<ref name="pmid17618441">{{cite journal| author=Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK, Burger PC, Jouvet A et al.| title=The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system. | journal=Acta Neuropathol | year= 2007 | volume= 114 | issue= 2 | pages= 97-109 | pmid=17618441 | doi=10.1007/s00401-007-0243-4 | pmc=PMC1929165 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17618441  }} </ref>


==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==
Oligoastrocytomas are mixed tumors that arises from the proliferation of both [[oligodendrocyte]]s and [[astrocyte]]s.<ref name=pathogenesis>Introduction of oligodendroglioma and oligoastrocytoma. American Brain Tumor Association. http://www.abta.org/secure/oligodendrioma-oligo.pdf. Accessed on October 16, 2015</ref> Genes associated with the pathogenesis of oligoastrocytoma and anaplastic oligoastrocytoma include ''[[Isocitrate dehydrogenase|IDH1]]'', ''[[p53]]'', ''[[EGFR]]'', ''[[ATRX]]'', ''[[EGFR]]'', ''[[PTEN]]'', ''[[Ogt|MGMT]]'', ''CIC'', and ''[[Far upstream element-binding protein 1|FUBP1]]''.<ref name="pmid12107116">{{cite journal| author=Mueller W, Hartmann C, Hoffmann A, Lanksch W, Kiwit J, Tonn J et al.| title=Genetic signature of oligoastrocytomas correlates with tumor location and denotes distinct molecular subsets. | journal=Am J Pathol | year= 2002 | volume= 161 | issue= 1 | pages= 313-9 | pmid=12107116 | doi=10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64183-1 | pmc=PMC1850690 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12107116  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25143301">{{cite journal| author=Sahm F, Reuss D, Koelsche C, Capper D, Schittenhelm J, Heim S et al.| title=Farewell to oligoastrocytoma: in situ molecular genetics favor classification as either oligodendroglioma or astrocytoma. | journal=Acta Neuropathol | year= 2014 | volume= 128 | issue= 4 | pages= 551-9 | pmid=25143301 | doi=10.1007/s00401-014-1326-7 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25143301  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18507036">{{cite journal| author=Viana-Pereira M, Lopes JM, Little S, Milanezi F, Basto D, Pardal F et al.| title=Analysis of EGFR overexpression, EGFR gene amplification and the EGFRvIII mutation in Portuguese high-grade gliomas. | journal=Anticancer Res | year= 2008 | volume= 28 | issue= 2A | pages= 913-20 | pmid=18507036 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18507036  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12006525">{{cite journal| author=Ermoian RP, Furniss CS, Lamborn KR, Basila D, Berger MS, Gottschalk AR et al.| title=Dysregulation of PTEN and protein kinase B is associated with glioma histology and patient survival. | journal=Clin Cancer Res | year= 2002 | volume= 8 | issue= 5 | pages= 1100-6 | pmid=12006525 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12006525  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23948976">{{cite journal| author=van den Bent MJ, Erdem-Eraslan L, Idbaih A, de Rooi J, Eilers PH, Spliet WG et al.| title=MGMT-STP27 methylation status as predictive marker for response to PCV in anaplastic Oligodendrogliomas and Oligoastrocytomas. A report from EORTC study 26951. | journal=Clin Cancer Res | year= 2013 | volume= 19 | issue= 19 | pages= 5513-22 | pmid=23948976 | doi=10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-1157 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23948976  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22869205">{{cite journal| author=Jiao Y, Killela PJ, Reitman ZJ, Rasheed AB, Heaphy CM, de Wilde RF et al.| title=Frequent ATRX, CIC, FUBP1 and IDH1 mutations refine the classification of malignant gliomas. | journal=Oncotarget | year= 2012 | volume= 3 | issue= 7 | pages= 709-22 | pmid=22869205 | doi= | pmc=PMC3443254 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22869205  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16018821">{{cite journal| author=Liang Y, Bollen AW, Nicholas MK, Gupta N| title=Id4 and FABP7 are preferentially expressed in cells with astrocytic features in oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas. | journal=BMC Clin Pathol | year= 2005 | volume= 5 | issue=  | pages= 6 | pmid=16018821 | doi=10.1186/1472-6890-5-6 | pmc=PMC1182359 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16018821  }} </ref><ref name=pathoOA1>{{cite book | last = Adesina | first = Adekunle | title = Atlas of pediatric brain tumors | publisher = Springer | location = New York | year = 2010 | isbn = 9781441910622 }}</ref> 30-70% of oligoastrocytomas show loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of [[chromosome 1|1p]] and [[chromosome 19|19q]].<ref name="pmid12107116">{{cite journal| author=Mueller W, Hartmann C, Hoffmann A, Lanksch W, Kiwit J, Tonn J et al.| title=Genetic signature of oligoastrocytomas correlates with tumor location and denotes distinct molecular subsets. | journal=Am J Pathol | year= 2002 | volume= 161 | issue= 1 | pages= 313-9 | pmid=12107116 | doi=10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64183-1 | pmc=PMC1850690 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12107116  }} </ref><ref name=pathoOA1>{{cite book | last = Adesina | first = Adekunle | title = Atlas of pediatric brain tumors | publisher = Springer | location = New York | year = 2010 | isbn = 9781441910622 }}</ref><ref name=OAsymp3>Cause of oligoastrocytoma. American Brain Tumor Association 2015. http://www.abta.org/secure/oligodendrioma-oligo.pdf. Accessed on October 21, 2015</ref> On gross pathology, oligoastrocytoma is characterized by soft, well-defined, grey-tan, mucoid or hemorrhagic, calcified mass with or without necrosis, which may expand the [[gyrus]] and cause blurring of the grey-white junction.<ref name=pathoOA1>{{cite book | last = Adesina | first = Adekunle | title = Atlas of pediatric brain tumors | publisher = Springer | location = New York | year = 2010 | isbn = 9781441910622 }}</ref> On microscopic histopathological analysis, oligoastrocytoma is characterized by [[Cell|highly cellular lesion]] composed of both [[oligodendrocyte|oligodendroglial]] and [[astrocyte|astrocytic]] components.<ref name=patho1>Pathology of oligoastrocytoma. Dr Bruno Di Muzio and Dr Frank Gaillard et al. Radiopaedia 2015. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/oligoastrocytoma. Accessed on October 16, 2015</ref><ref name="pmid15026604">{{cite journal| author=Naugle DK, Duncan TD, Grice GP| title=Oligoastrocytoma. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2004 | volume= 24 | issue= 2 | pages= 598-600 | pmid=15026604 | doi=10.1148/rg.242035069 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15026604  }} </ref><ref name=pathowiki>Pathology of oligoastrocytoma. Wikipedia 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoastrocytoma. Accessed on October 16, 2015</ref><ref name=bookneuropathologyoligoastro>{{Citation| last1 = Love| first1 = S.| last2 = Loius| first2 = D.| last3 = Ellison| first3 = D.W.| lastauthoramp = yes| title = Greenfield's neuropathology| publisher = Hodder Arnold| place = Boca Raton, Florida| volume = 1| edition = 8th| year = 2008}}</ref><ref name=histoOA>Histology of anaplastic oligoastrocytes. Dr. Frank Gaillard. Radiopaedia 2015. http://radiopaedia.org/cases/anaplastic-oligoastrocytoma. Accessed on October 19, 2015</ref> In addition to the histological features of oligoastrocytoma, [[anaplastic|anaplastic oligoastrocytoma]] also has significant or brisk [[mitoses|mitotic activity]], marked [[atypia|cytologic and nuclear atypia]], [[necrosis]], [[apoptosis]], and microvacular proliferation.<ref name=patho1>Pathology of oligoastrocytoma. Dr Bruno Di Muzio and Dr Frank Gaillard et al. Radiopaedia 2015. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/oligoastrocytoma. Accessed on October 16, 2015</ref><ref name="pmid15026604">{{cite journal| author=Naugle DK, Duncan TD, Grice GP| title=Oligoastrocytoma. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2004 | volume= 24 | issue= 2 | pages= 598-600 | pmid=15026604 | doi=10.1148/rg.242035069 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15026604  }} </ref><ref name=pathowiki>Pathology of oligoastrocytoma. Wikipedia 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoastrocytoma. Accessed on October 16, 2015</ref> Oligoastrocytoma is demonstrated by positivity to tumor markers such as [[Microtubule-associated protein|MAP2]], [[GFAP]], [[isocitrate dehydrogenase|IDH1]], [[OLIG1|OLIG-1 protein]], [[OLIG2|OLIG-2 protein]], and [[AIF1|Iba-2 protein]].<ref name=IHC>IHC of oligoastrocytoma. Librepathology 2015. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Oligoastrocytoma. Accessed on October 16, 2015</ref><ref name="pmid22821367">{{cite journal| author=Kolenda-Roberts HM, Harris N, Singletary E, Hardisty JF| title=Immunohistochemical characterization of spontaneous and acrylonitrile-induced brain tumors in the rat. | journal=Toxicol Pathol | year= 2013 | volume= 41 | issue= 1 | pages= 98-108 | pmid=22821367 | doi=10.1177/0192623312452492 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22821367  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16018821">{{cite journal| author=Liang Y, Bollen AW, Nicholas MK, Gupta N| title=Id4 and FABP7 are preferentially expressed in cells with astrocytic features in oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas. | journal=BMC Clin Pathol | year= 2005 | volume= 5 | issue=  | pages= 6 | pmid=16018821 | doi=10.1186/1472-6890-5-6 | pmc=PMC1182359 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16018821  }} </ref><ref name="Grier2006">{{cite journal|last1=Grier|first1=J. T.|title=Low-Grade Gliomas in Adults|journal=The Oncologist|volume=11|issue=6|year=2006|pages=681–693|issn=1083-7159|doi=10.1634/theoncologist.11-6-681}}</ref><ref name=pathoOA1>{{cite book | last = Adesina | first = Adekunle | title = Atlas of pediatric brain tumors | publisher = Springer | location = New York | year = 2010 | isbn = 9781441910622 }}</ref>


==Causes==
==Causes==
Common causes of oligoastrocytoma include [[mutation|genetic mutations]]. Common genetic mutations involved in the development of oligoastrocytoma can be found [[Oligoastrocytoma pathophysiology|'''here''']].<ref name="pmid12107116">{{cite journal| author=Mueller W, Hartmann C, Hoffmann A, Lanksch W, Kiwit J, Tonn J et al.| title=Genetic signature of oligoastrocytomas correlates with tumor location and denotes distinct molecular subsets. | journal=Am J Pathol | year= 2002 | volume= 161 | issue= 1 | pages= 313-9 | pmid=12107116 | doi=10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64183-1 | pmc=PMC1850690 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12107116  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25143301">{{cite journal| author=Sahm F, Reuss D, Koelsche C, Capper D, Schittenhelm J, Heim S et al.| title=Farewell to oligoastrocytoma: in situ molecular genetics favor classification as either oligodendroglioma or astrocytoma. | journal=Acta Neuropathol | year= 2014 | volume= 128 | issue= 4 | pages= 551-9 | pmid=25143301 | doi=10.1007/s00401-014-1326-7 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25143301  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18507036">{{cite journal| author=Viana-Pereira M, Lopes JM, Little S, Milanezi F, Basto D, Pardal F et al.| title=Analysis of EGFR overexpression, EGFR gene amplification and the EGFRvIII mutation in Portuguese high-grade gliomas. | journal=Anticancer Res | year= 2008 | volume= 28 | issue= 2A | pages= 913-20 | pmid=18507036 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18507036  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12006525">{{cite journal| author=Ermoian RP, Furniss CS, Lamborn KR, Basila D, Berger MS, Gottschalk AR et al.| title=Dysregulation of PTEN and protein kinase B is associated with glioma histology and patient survival. | journal=Clin Cancer Res | year= 2002 | volume= 8 | issue= 5 | pages= 1100-6 | pmid=12006525 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12006525  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23948976">{{cite journal| author=van den Bent MJ, Erdem-Eraslan L, Idbaih A, de Rooi J, Eilers PH, Spliet WG et al.| title=MGMT-STP27 methylation status as predictive marker for response to PCV in anaplastic Oligodendrogliomas and Oligoastrocytomas. A report from EORTC study 26951. | journal=Clin Cancer Res | year= 2013 | volume= 19 | issue= 19 | pages= 5513-22 | pmid=23948976 | doi=10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-1157 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23948976  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22869205">{{cite journal| author=Jiao Y, Killela PJ, Reitman ZJ, Rasheed AB, Heaphy CM, de Wilde RF et al.| title=Frequent ATRX, CIC, FUBP1 and IDH1 mutations refine the classification of malignant gliomas. | journal=Oncotarget | year= 2012 | volume= 3 | issue= 7 | pages= 709-22 | pmid=22869205 | doi= | pmc=PMC3443254 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22869205  }} </ref>


==Differentiating Oligodendroglioma from other diseases==
==Differentiating Oligodendroglioma from other diseases==
Oligoastrocytoma must be differentiated from [[astrocytoma]], [[Anaplastic|anaplastic astrocytoma]], [[oligodendroglioma]], [[pilocytic astrocytoma]], [[Adult brain tumors classification|central neurocytoma]], [[ependymoma]], [[dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor]], [[meningioma]], and [[metastasis|cerebral metastasis]].<ref name=ddx1>DDx of oligoastrocytoma. Librepathology 2015. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Oligoastrocytoma. Accessed on October 16, 2015</ref><ref name=pathoOA1>{{cite book | last = Adesina | first = Adekunle | title = Atlas of pediatric brain tumors | publisher = Springer | location = New York | year = 2010 | isbn = 9781441910622 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20425038">{{cite journal| author=Pouratian N, Schiff D| title=Management of low-grade glioma. | journal=Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep | year= 2010 | volume= 10 | issue= 3 | pages= 224-31 | pmid=20425038 | doi=10.1007/s11910-010-0105-7 | pmc=PMC2857752 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20425038  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18533376">{{cite journal| author=Chandana SR, Movva S, Arora M, Singh T| title=Primary brain tumors in adults. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2008 | volume= 77 | issue= 10 | pages= 1423-30 | pmid=18533376 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18533376  }} </ref>


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
Oligoastrocytoma is the third most common glioma.<ref name=epi1>Epidemiology of oligoastrocytoma. Dr Bruno Di Muzio and Dr Frank Gaillard et al. Radiopaedia 2015. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/oligoastrocytoma. Accessed on October 16, 2015</ref> Oligoastrocytoma accounts for 1% of all [[brain tumors]] and 5–10% of all [[glioma|glial neoplasms]].<ref name=epibbb>Incidence of oligoastrocytomas. American Brain Tumor Association. http://www.abta.org/brain-tumor-information/types-of-tumors/oligoastrocytoma.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/. Accessed on October 16, 2015</ref> The incidence of oligoastrocytoma is approximately 0.03 per 100,000 individuals in the United States.<ref name=epidem1>Selected Childhood Primary (Malignant and Non-Mailgnant) Brain and Central Nervous System Tumor, Age–specific and Age–adjusted Incidence rates by Major Histology Groupings, Histology and Age at diagnosis; CBTRUS Statistical Report: NPCR and SEER, 2004-2006. CBTRUS 2015. http://www.cbtrus.org/2010-NPCR-SEER/CBTRUS-WEBREPORT-Final-3-2-10.pdf. Accessed on October 16, 2015</ref> Oligoastrocytoma is a disease that tends to affect the young and middle-aged adult population.<ref name=epibbb>Incidence of oligoastrocytomas. American Brain Tumor Association. http://www.abta.org/brain-tumor-information/types-of-tumors/oligoastrocytoma.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/. Accessed on October 16, 2015</ref> The median age of diagnosis is 42 years.<ref name=introoligo>Oligoastrocytomas. Wikipedia 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoastrocytoma. Accessed on October 16, 2015</ref> Males are more commonly affected with oligoastrocytoma than females.<ref name=cbtrus>Patterns by Gender for Selected Histologies CBTRUS Statistical Report: NPCR and SEER Data from 2004-2006. CBTRUS 2015. http://www.cbtrus.org/2010-NPCR-SEER/CBTRUS-WEBREPORT-Final-3-2-10.pdf. Accessed on October 16, 2015</ref> Oligoastrocytoma usually affects individuals of the Caucasian race.<ref name=cbtrus2>Patterns by Race for Selected Histologies. CBTRUS 2015. http://www.cbtrus.org/2010-NPCR-SEER/CBTRUS-WEBREPORT-Final-3-2-10.pdf. Accessed on October 16, 2015</ref> The incidence rate of oligoastrocytoma is higher in developed countries than in developing countries.<ref name="pmid15685439">{{cite journal| author=Ohgaki H, Kleihues P| title=Epidemiology and etiology of gliomas. | journal=Acta Neuropathol | year= 2005 | volume= 109 | issue= 1 | pages= 93-108 | pmid=15685439 | doi=10.1007/s00401-005-0991-y | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15685439  }} </ref>


==Risk factors==
==Risk factors==
Common risk factors in the development of oligoastrocytoma include [[family history]] of [[brain tumors]], [[radiation|ionizing radiation]], [[allergy|allergic diseases]], and diet.<ref name="pmid21149253">{{cite journal| author=McCarthy BJ, Rankin KM, Aldape K, Bondy ML, Brännström T, Broholm H et al.| title=Risk factors for oligodendroglial tumors: a pooled international study. | journal=Neuro Oncol | year= 2011 | volume= 13 | issue= 2 | pages= 242-50 | pmid=21149253 | doi=10.1093/neuonc/noq173 | pmc=PMC3064625 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21149253  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19216998">{{cite journal| author=Terry MB, Howe G, Pogoda JM, Zhang FF, Ahlbom A, Choi W et al.| title=An international case-control study of adult diet and brain tumor risk: a histology-specific analysis by food group. | journal=Ann Epidemiol | year= 2009 | volume= 19 | issue= 3 | pages= 161-71 | pmid=19216998 | doi=10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.12.010 | pmc=PMC3832293 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19216998  }} </ref>


==Screening==
==Screening==
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for oligoastrocytoma.<ref name=screen>Early detection, diagnosis, and staging of brain tumors. American cancer society. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/braincnstumorsinadults/detailedguide/brain-and-spinal-cord-tumors-in-adults-detection</ref>


==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
If left untreated, patients with oligoastrocytoma may progress to develop [[seizures]], focal neurological deficits, [[hydrocephalus]], [[brain herniation]], [[intracranial hemorrhage]], and ultimately death.<ref name="pmid18533376">{{cite journal| author=Chandana SR, Movva S, Arora M, Singh T| title=Primary brain tumors in adults. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2008 | volume= 77 | issue= 10 | pages= 1423-30 | pmid=18533376 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18533376  }} </ref><ref name="Grier2006">{{cite journal|last1=Grier|first1=J. T.|title=Low-Grade Gliomas in Adults|journal=The Oncologist|volume=11|issue=6|year=2006|pages=681–693|issn=1083-7159|doi=10.1634/theoncologist.11-6-681}}</ref><ref name="pmid3748360">{{cite journal| author=Specht CS, Pinto-Lord C, Smith TW, DeGirolami U, Suran E, Marshall PC et al.| title=Spontaneous hemorrhage in a mixed glioma of the cerebellum: case report. | journal=Neurosurgery | year= 1986 | volume= 19 | issue= 2 | pages= 278-81 | pmid=3748360 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3748360  }} </ref> Oligoastrocytomas are slow growing tumors.<ref name=pathoOA1>{{cite book | last = Adesina | first = Adekunle | title = Atlas of pediatric brain tumors | publisher = Springer | location = New York | year = 2010 | isbn = 9781441910622 }}</ref> Common complications associated with oligoastrocytoma include [[hydrocephalus]], [[intracranial hemorrhage]], [[coma]], [[metastasis]], [[venous thromboembolism]], and side effects of [[chemotherapy]] and [[radiation]].<ref name="Grier2006">{{cite journal|last1=Grier|first1=J. T.|title=Low-Grade Gliomas in Adults|journal=The Oncologist|volume=11|issue=6|year=2006|pages=681–693|issn=1083-7159|doi=10.1634/theoncologist.11-6-681}}</ref><ref name="pmid20555079">{{cite journal| author=Stupp R, Tonn JC, Brada M, Pentheroudakis G, ESMO Guidelines Working Group| title=High-grade malignant glioma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. | journal=Ann Oncol | year= 2010 | volume= 21 Suppl 5 | issue=  | pages= v190-3 | pmid=20555079 | doi=10.1093/annonc/mdq187 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20555079  }} </ref><ref name=wikiglioss1>Signs and symptoms of glioma. Wikipedia 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioma. Accessed on October 20, 2015</ref><ref name="pmid18533376">{{cite journal| author=Chandana SR, Movva S, Arora M, Singh T| title=Primary brain tumors in adults. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2008 | volume= 77 | issue= 10 | pages= 1423-30 | pmid=18533376 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18533376  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9663425">{{cite journal| author=Finsterer J, Breiteneder S, Mueller MR, Wogritsch C, Vesely M, Kleinert R et al.| title=Pleural and bone marrow metastasis from supratentorial oligoastrocytoma grade III. | journal=Oncology | year= 1998 | volume= 55 | issue= 4 | pages= 345-8 | pmid=9663425 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9663425  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3748360">{{cite journal| author=Specht CS, Pinto-Lord C, Smith TW, DeGirolami U, Suran E, Marshall PC et al.| title=Spontaneous hemorrhage in a mixed glioma of the cerebellum: case report. | journal=Neurosurgery | year= 1986 | volume= 19 | issue= 2 | pages= 278-81 | pmid=3748360 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3748360  }} </ref> Depending on the extent and grade of the tumor at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis of oligoastrocytoma may vary. However, the prognosis is generally regarded as good.<ref name="pmid16018821">{{cite journal| author=Liang Y, Bollen AW, Nicholas MK, Gupta N| title=Id4 and FABP7 are preferentially expressed in cells with astrocytic features in oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas. | journal=BMC Clin Pathol | year= 2005 | volume= 5 | issue=  | pages= 6 | pmid=16018821 | doi=10.1186/1472-6890-5-6 | pmc=PMC1182359 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16018821  }} </ref> The prognosis for patients with oligoastrocytoma is more favorable than that for anaplastic oligoastrocytoma because of the more indolent course and younger age at which most patients are diagnosed.<ref name="Grier2006">{{cite journal|last1=Grier|first1=J. T.|title=Low-Grade Gliomas in Adults|journal=The Oncologist|volume=11|issue=6|year=2006|pages=681–693|issn=1083-7159|doi=10.1634/theoncologist.11-6-681}}</ref> The 1, 5, and 10-year survival rates of patients with oligoastrocytoma are approximately 87%, 56.97%, and 45.80%.<ref name=cbtrus3> One–, Two–, Three–, Four–, Five–, and 10–year relative survival rates for selected malignant brain and central nervous system tumors, Seer 17 Registries, 1995-2006. CBTRUS 2015. http://www.cbtrus.org/2010-NPCR-SEER/CBTRUS-WEBREPORT-Final-3-2-10.pdf. Accessed on October 16, 2015</ref>


==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
==Staging==
==Staging==
There is no established system for the staging of oligodendroglioma.
There is no established system for the staging of oligoastrocytoma.<ref name="pmid18533376">{{cite journal| author=Chandana SR, Movva S, Arora M, Singh T| title=Primary brain tumors in adults. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2008 | volume= 77 | issue= 10 | pages= 1423-30 | pmid=18533376 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18533376  }} </ref>


==History and Symptoms==
==History and Symptoms==
When evaluating a patient for oligoastrocytoma, you should take a detailed history of the presenting symptom (onset, duration, and progression), other associated symptoms, and a thorough past medical history review. Other specific areas of focus when obtaining the history include review of the history of any ionizing [[radiation]], [[Allergy|allergic diseases]], diet, and the [[family history]] of any [[brain tumors]].<ref name="pmid21149253">{{cite journal| author=McCarthy BJ, Rankin KM, Aldape K, Bondy ML, Brännström T, Broholm H et al.| title=Risk factors for oligodendroglial tumors: a pooled international study. | journal=Neuro Oncol | year= 2011 | volume= 13 | issue= 2 | pages= 242-50 | pmid=21149253 | doi=10.1093/neuonc/noq173 | pmc=PMC3064625 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21149253  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19216998">{{cite journal| author=Terry MB, Howe G, Pogoda JM, Zhang FF, Ahlbom A, Choi W et al.| title=An international case-control study of adult diet and brain tumor risk: a histology-specific analysis by food group. | journal=Ann Epidemiol | year= 2009 | volume= 19 | issue= 3 | pages= 161-71 | pmid=19216998 | doi=10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.12.010 | pmc=PMC3832293 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19216998  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18533376">{{cite journal| author=Chandana SR, Movva S, Arora M, Singh T| title=Primary brain tumors in adults. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2008 | volume= 77 | issue= 10 | pages= 1423-30 | pmid=18533376 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18533376  }} </ref> Symptoms associated with oligoastrocytoma include [[seizure]], [[headache]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[Ataxia|loss of balance]], [[vision loss]], and changes in [[Dysarthria|speech]], [[mood disorders|mood]], and [[personality pathology|personality]].<ref name=symptomwiki>Symptoms of oligoastrocytoma. Wikipedia 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoastrocytoma. Accessed on October 16, 2015</ref><ref name="pmid15026604">{{cite journal| author=Naugle DK, Duncan TD, Grice GP| title=Oligoastrocytoma. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2004 | volume= 24 | issue= 2 | pages= 598-600 | pmid=15026604 | doi=10.1148/rg.242035069 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15026604  }} </ref><ref name=wikiOA1>Symptoms of oligoastrocytoma. Wikipedia 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoastrocytoma. Accessed on October 20, 2015</ref><ref name="pmid20425038">{{cite journal| author=Pouratian N, Schiff D| title=Management of low-grade glioma. | journal=Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep | year= 2010 | volume= 10 | issue= 3 | pages= 224-31 | pmid=20425038 | doi=10.1007/s11910-010-0105-7 | pmc=PMC2857752 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20425038  }} </ref><ref name=wikiglioss1>Signs and symptoms of glioma. Wikipedia 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioma. Accessed on October 20, 2015</ref><ref name=OAsymp2>Symptoms of oligoastrocytoma. American Brain Tumor Association 2015. http://www.abta.org/secure/oligodendrioma-oligo.pdf. Accessed on October 21, 2015</ref><ref name="pmid18533376">{{cite journal| author=Chandana SR, Movva S, Arora M, Singh T| title=Primary brain tumors in adults. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2008 | volume= 77 | issue= 10 | pages= 1423-30 | pmid=18533376 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18533376  }} </ref>


==Physical examination==
==Physical examination==
Common physical examination findings of oligoastrocytoma include [[nystagmus]], [[papilledema]], [[esotropia]], [[vision loss|visual field loss]], [[altered mental status]], and focal neurological deficits.<ref name="pmid20425038">{{cite journal| author=Pouratian N, Schiff D| title=Management of low-grade glioma. | journal=Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep | year= 2010 | volume= 10 | issue= 3 | pages= 224-31 | pmid=20425038 | doi=10.1007/s11910-010-0105-7 | pmc=PMC2857752 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20425038  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18533376">{{cite journal| author=Chandana SR, Movva S, Arora M, Singh T| title=Primary brain tumors in adults. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2008 | volume= 77 | issue= 10 | pages= 1423-30 | pmid=18533376 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18533376  }} </ref>


==Laboratory Findings==
==Laboratory Findings==
Some patients with oligoastrocytoma may have elevated [[protein]] and cell count with normal [[glucose]] and [[lactate]] on [[lumbar puncture|CSF analysis]], which is usually suggestive of [[hydrocephalus]].<ref name="pmid20052406">{{cite journal| author=Stark AM, Hugo HH, Mehdorn HM, Knerlich-Lukoschus F| title=Acute Hydrocephalus due to Secondary Leptomeningeal Dissemination of an Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma. | journal=Case Rep Med | year= 2009 | volume= 2009 | issue=  | pages= 370901 | pmid=20052406 | doi=10.1155/2009/370901 | pmc=PMC2797365 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20052406  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16048288">{{cite journal| author=Li KW, Roonprapunt C, Lawson HC, Abbott IR, Wisoff J, Epstein F et al.| title=Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for hydrocephalus associated with tectal gliomas. | journal=Neurosurg Focus | year= 2005 | volume= 18 | issue= 6A | pages= E2 | pmid=16048288 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16048288  }} </ref>


==Chest X Ray==
==Chest X Ray==

Revision as of 18:04, 21 October 2015

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sujit Routray, M.D. [2]

Overview

Historical Perspective

The broad topic "oligodendroglial tumors", of which oligoastrocytoma is a part, was first described by Bailey and Cushing in 1926, where they mentioned that gliomas were formed by transformation of glial cells.[1][2] Celli et al in 1994 gave the name of "oligoastrocytoma" to those oligodendroglial tumors where the astrocytes formed more than 20% of the tumor cells.[3]

Classification

Oligoastrocytoma may be classified according to the WHO classification of the central nervous system tumors into two subtypes: oligoastrocytoma (OAII) and anaplastic oligoastrocytoma (OAIII).[4]

Pathophysiology

Oligoastrocytomas are mixed tumors that arises from the proliferation of both oligodendrocytes and astrocytes.[5] Genes associated with the pathogenesis of oligoastrocytoma and anaplastic oligoastrocytoma include IDH1, p53, EGFR, ATRX, EGFR, PTEN, MGMT, CIC, and FUBP1.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] 30-70% of oligoastrocytomas show loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of 1p and 19q.[6][13][14] On gross pathology, oligoastrocytoma is characterized by soft, well-defined, grey-tan, mucoid or hemorrhagic, calcified mass with or without necrosis, which may expand the gyrus and cause blurring of the grey-white junction.[13] On microscopic histopathological analysis, oligoastrocytoma is characterized by highly cellular lesion composed of both oligodendroglial and astrocytic components.[15][16][17][18][19] In addition to the histological features of oligoastrocytoma, anaplastic oligoastrocytoma also has significant or brisk mitotic activity, marked cytologic and nuclear atypia, necrosis, apoptosis, and microvacular proliferation.[15][16][17] Oligoastrocytoma is demonstrated by positivity to tumor markers such as MAP2, GFAP, IDH1, OLIG-1 protein, OLIG-2 protein, and Iba-2 protein.[20][21][12][22][13]

Causes

Common causes of oligoastrocytoma include genetic mutations. Common genetic mutations involved in the development of oligoastrocytoma can be found here.[6][7][8][9][10][11]

Differentiating Oligodendroglioma from other diseases

Oligoastrocytoma must be differentiated from astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, pilocytic astrocytoma, central neurocytoma, ependymoma, dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, meningioma, and cerebral metastasis.[23][13][24][25]

Epidemiology and Demographics

Oligoastrocytoma is the third most common glioma.[26] Oligoastrocytoma accounts for 1% of all brain tumors and 5–10% of all glial neoplasms.[27] The incidence of oligoastrocytoma is approximately 0.03 per 100,000 individuals in the United States.[28] Oligoastrocytoma is a disease that tends to affect the young and middle-aged adult population.[27] The median age of diagnosis is 42 years.[29] Males are more commonly affected with oligoastrocytoma than females.[30] Oligoastrocytoma usually affects individuals of the Caucasian race.[31] The incidence rate of oligoastrocytoma is higher in developed countries than in developing countries.[32]

Risk factors

Common risk factors in the development of oligoastrocytoma include family history of brain tumors, ionizing radiation, allergic diseases, and diet.[33][34]

Screening

There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for oligoastrocytoma.[35]

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

If left untreated, patients with oligoastrocytoma may progress to develop seizures, focal neurological deficits, hydrocephalus, brain herniation, intracranial hemorrhage, and ultimately death.[25][22][36] Oligoastrocytomas are slow growing tumors.[13] Common complications associated with oligoastrocytoma include hydrocephalus, intracranial hemorrhage, coma, metastasis, venous thromboembolism, and side effects of chemotherapy and radiation.[22][37][38][25][39][36] Depending on the extent and grade of the tumor at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis of oligoastrocytoma may vary. However, the prognosis is generally regarded as good.[12] The prognosis for patients with oligoastrocytoma is more favorable than that for anaplastic oligoastrocytoma because of the more indolent course and younger age at which most patients are diagnosed.[22] The 1, 5, and 10-year survival rates of patients with oligoastrocytoma are approximately 87%, 56.97%, and 45.80%.[40]

Diagnosis

Staging

There is no established system for the staging of oligoastrocytoma.[25]

History and Symptoms

When evaluating a patient for oligoastrocytoma, you should take a detailed history of the presenting symptom (onset, duration, and progression), other associated symptoms, and a thorough past medical history review. Other specific areas of focus when obtaining the history include review of the history of any ionizing radiation, allergic diseases, diet, and the family history of any brain tumors.[33][34][25] Symptoms associated with oligoastrocytoma include seizure, headache, nausea, vomiting, loss of balance, vision loss, and changes in speech, mood, and personality.[41][16][42][24][38][43][25]

Physical examination

Common physical examination findings of oligoastrocytoma include nystagmus, papilledema, esotropia, visual field loss, altered mental status, and focal neurological deficits.[24][25]

Laboratory Findings

Some patients with oligoastrocytoma may have elevated protein and cell count with normal glucose and lactate on CSF analysis, which is usually suggestive of hydrocephalus.[44][45]

Chest X Ray

CT

MRI

Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

References

  1. ↑ "A classification of the tumours of the glioma group on a histogenetic basis, with a correlated study of prognosis. By Percival Bailey and Harvey Cushing. Medium 8vo. Pp. 175, with 108 illustrations. 1926. Philadelphia, London, and Montreal: J. B. Lippincott Company. 21s. net". British Journal of Surgery. 14 (55): 554–555. 1927. doi:10.1002/bjs.1800145540. ISSN 0007-1323.
  2. ↑ Chowdhary S, Chamberlain MC (2006). "Oligodendroglial tumors". Expert Rev Neurother. 6 (4): 519–32. doi:10.1586/14737175.6.4.519. PMID 16623651.
  3. ↑ Celli P, Nofrone I, Palma L, Cantore G, Fortuna A (1994). "Cerebral oligodendroglioma: prognostic factors and life history". Neurosurgery. 35 (6): 1018–34, discussion 1034-5. PMID 7885546.
  4. ↑ Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK, Burger PC, Jouvet A; et al. (2007). "The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system". Acta Neuropathol. 114 (2): 97–109. doi:10.1007/s00401-007-0243-4. PMC 1929165. PMID 17618441.
  5. ↑ Introduction of oligodendroglioma and oligoastrocytoma. American Brain Tumor Association. http://www.abta.org/secure/oligodendrioma-oligo.pdf. Accessed on October 16, 2015
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Mueller W, Hartmann C, Hoffmann A, Lanksch W, Kiwit J, Tonn J; et al. (2002). "Genetic signature of oligoastrocytomas correlates with tumor location and denotes distinct molecular subsets". Am J Pathol. 161 (1): 313–9. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64183-1. PMC 1850690. PMID 12107116.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Sahm F, Reuss D, Koelsche C, Capper D, Schittenhelm J, Heim S; et al. (2014). "Farewell to oligoastrocytoma: in situ molecular genetics favor classification as either oligodendroglioma or astrocytoma". Acta Neuropathol. 128 (4): 551–9. doi:10.1007/s00401-014-1326-7. PMID 25143301.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Viana-Pereira M, Lopes JM, Little S, Milanezi F, Basto D, Pardal F; et al. (2008). "Analysis of EGFR overexpression, EGFR gene amplification and the EGFRvIII mutation in Portuguese high-grade gliomas". Anticancer Res. 28 (2A): 913–20. PMID 18507036.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Ermoian RP, Furniss CS, Lamborn KR, Basila D, Berger MS, Gottschalk AR; et al. (2002). "Dysregulation of PTEN and protein kinase B is associated with glioma histology and patient survival". Clin Cancer Res. 8 (5): 1100–6. PMID 12006525.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 van den Bent MJ, Erdem-Eraslan L, Idbaih A, de Rooi J, Eilers PH, Spliet WG; et al. (2013). "MGMT-STP27 methylation status as predictive marker for response to PCV in anaplastic Oligodendrogliomas and Oligoastrocytomas. A report from EORTC study 26951". Clin Cancer Res. 19 (19): 5513–22. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-1157. PMID 23948976.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Jiao Y, Killela PJ, Reitman ZJ, Rasheed AB, Heaphy CM, de Wilde RF; et al. (2012). "Frequent ATRX, CIC, FUBP1 and IDH1 mutations refine the classification of malignant gliomas". Oncotarget. 3 (7): 709–22. PMC 3443254. PMID 22869205.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Liang Y, Bollen AW, Nicholas MK, Gupta N (2005). "Id4 and FABP7 are preferentially expressed in cells with astrocytic features in oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas". BMC Clin Pathol. 5: 6. doi:10.1186/1472-6890-5-6. PMC 1182359. PMID 16018821.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Adesina, Adekunle (2010). Atlas of pediatric brain tumors. New York: Springer. ISBN 9781441910622.
  14. ↑ Cause of oligoastrocytoma. American Brain Tumor Association 2015. http://www.abta.org/secure/oligodendrioma-oligo.pdf. Accessed on October 21, 2015
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Pathology of oligoastrocytoma. Dr Bruno Di Muzio and Dr Frank Gaillard et al. Radiopaedia 2015. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/oligoastrocytoma. Accessed on October 16, 2015
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Naugle DK, Duncan TD, Grice GP (2004). "Oligoastrocytoma". Radiographics. 24 (2): 598–600. doi:10.1148/rg.242035069. PMID 15026604.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Pathology of oligoastrocytoma. Wikipedia 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoastrocytoma. Accessed on October 16, 2015
  18. ↑ Love, S.; Loius, D. & Ellison, D.W. (2008), Greenfield's neuropathology, 1 (8th ed.), Boca Raton, Florida: Hodder Arnold
  19. ↑ Histology of anaplastic oligoastrocytes. Dr. Frank Gaillard. Radiopaedia 2015. http://radiopaedia.org/cases/anaplastic-oligoastrocytoma. Accessed on October 19, 2015
  20. ↑ IHC of oligoastrocytoma. Librepathology 2015. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Oligoastrocytoma. Accessed on October 16, 2015
  21. ↑ Kolenda-Roberts HM, Harris N, Singletary E, Hardisty JF (2013). "Immunohistochemical characterization of spontaneous and acrylonitrile-induced brain tumors in the rat". Toxicol Pathol. 41 (1): 98–108. doi:10.1177/0192623312452492. PMID 22821367.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Grier, J. T. (2006). "Low-Grade Gliomas in Adults". The Oncologist. 11 (6): 681–693. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.11-6-681. ISSN 1083-7159.
  23. ↑ DDx of oligoastrocytoma. Librepathology 2015. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Oligoastrocytoma. Accessed on October 16, 2015
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Pouratian N, Schiff D (2010). "Management of low-grade glioma". Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 10 (3): 224–31. doi:10.1007/s11910-010-0105-7. PMC 2857752. PMID 20425038.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 Chandana SR, Movva S, Arora M, Singh T (2008). "Primary brain tumors in adults". Am Fam Physician. 77 (10): 1423–30. PMID 18533376.
  26. ↑ Epidemiology of oligoastrocytoma. Dr Bruno Di Muzio and Dr Frank Gaillard et al. Radiopaedia 2015. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/oligoastrocytoma. Accessed on October 16, 2015
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Incidence of oligoastrocytomas. American Brain Tumor Association. http://www.abta.org/brain-tumor-information/types-of-tumors/oligoastrocytoma.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/. Accessed on October 16, 2015
  28. ↑ Selected Childhood Primary (Malignant and Non-Mailgnant) Brain and Central Nervous System Tumor, Age–specific and Age–adjusted Incidence rates by Major Histology Groupings, Histology and Age at diagnosis; CBTRUS Statistical Report: NPCR and SEER, 2004-2006. CBTRUS 2015. http://www.cbtrus.org/2010-NPCR-SEER/CBTRUS-WEBREPORT-Final-3-2-10.pdf. Accessed on October 16, 2015
  29. ↑ Oligoastrocytomas. Wikipedia 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoastrocytoma. Accessed on October 16, 2015
  30. ↑ Patterns by Gender for Selected Histologies CBTRUS Statistical Report: NPCR and SEER Data from 2004-2006. CBTRUS 2015. http://www.cbtrus.org/2010-NPCR-SEER/CBTRUS-WEBREPORT-Final-3-2-10.pdf. Accessed on October 16, 2015
  31. ↑ Patterns by Race for Selected Histologies. CBTRUS 2015. http://www.cbtrus.org/2010-NPCR-SEER/CBTRUS-WEBREPORT-Final-3-2-10.pdf. Accessed on October 16, 2015
  32. ↑ Ohgaki H, Kleihues P (2005). "Epidemiology and etiology of gliomas". Acta Neuropathol. 109 (1): 93–108. doi:10.1007/s00401-005-0991-y. PMID 15685439.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 McCarthy BJ, Rankin KM, Aldape K, Bondy ML, Brännström T, Broholm H; et al. (2011). "Risk factors for oligodendroglial tumors: a pooled international study". Neuro Oncol. 13 (2): 242–50. doi:10.1093/neuonc/noq173. PMC 3064625. PMID 21149253.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Terry MB, Howe G, Pogoda JM, Zhang FF, Ahlbom A, Choi W; et al. (2009). "An international case-control study of adult diet and brain tumor risk: a histology-specific analysis by food group". Ann Epidemiol. 19 (3): 161–71. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.12.010. PMC 3832293. PMID 19216998.
  35. ↑ Early detection, diagnosis, and staging of brain tumors. American cancer society. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/braincnstumorsinadults/detailedguide/brain-and-spinal-cord-tumors-in-adults-detection
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Specht CS, Pinto-Lord C, Smith TW, DeGirolami U, Suran E, Marshall PC; et al. (1986). "Spontaneous hemorrhage in a mixed glioma of the cerebellum: case report". Neurosurgery. 19 (2): 278–81. PMID 3748360.
  37. ↑ Stupp R, Tonn JC, Brada M, Pentheroudakis G, ESMO Guidelines Working Group (2010). "High-grade malignant glioma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up". Ann Oncol. 21 Suppl 5: v190–3. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdq187. PMID 20555079.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Signs and symptoms of glioma. Wikipedia 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioma. Accessed on October 20, 2015
  39. ↑ Finsterer J, Breiteneder S, Mueller MR, Wogritsch C, Vesely M, Kleinert R; et al. (1998). "Pleural and bone marrow metastasis from supratentorial oligoastrocytoma grade III". Oncology. 55 (4): 345–8. PMID 9663425.
  40. ↑ One–, Two–, Three–, Four–, Five–, and 10–year relative survival rates for selected malignant brain and central nervous system tumors, Seer 17 Registries, 1995-2006. CBTRUS 2015. http://www.cbtrus.org/2010-NPCR-SEER/CBTRUS-WEBREPORT-Final-3-2-10.pdf. Accessed on October 16, 2015
  41. ↑ Symptoms of oligoastrocytoma. Wikipedia 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoastrocytoma. Accessed on October 16, 2015
  42. ↑ Symptoms of oligoastrocytoma. Wikipedia 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoastrocytoma. Accessed on October 20, 2015
  43. ↑ Symptoms of oligoastrocytoma. American Brain Tumor Association 2015. http://www.abta.org/secure/oligodendrioma-oligo.pdf. Accessed on October 21, 2015
  44. ↑ Stark AM, Hugo HH, Mehdorn HM, Knerlich-Lukoschus F (2009). "Acute Hydrocephalus due to Secondary Leptomeningeal Dissemination of an Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma". Case Rep Med. 2009: 370901. doi:10.1155/2009/370901. PMC 2797365. PMID 20052406.
  45. ↑ Li KW, Roonprapunt C, Lawson HC, Abbott IR, Wisoff J, Epstein F; et al. (2005). "Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for hydrocephalus associated with tectal gliomas". Neurosurg Focus. 18 (6A): E2. PMID 16048288.


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