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* Second-hand smoke is what smokers exhale and what rises from a burning cigarette, pipe or cigar. It is also called environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), or involuntary or passive smoking.<ref>Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/risks/?region=ab#Outdoor_air_pollution </ref> | * Second-hand smoke is what smokers exhale and what rises from a burning cigarette, pipe or cigar. It is also called environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), or involuntary or passive smoking.<ref>Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/risks/?region=ab#Outdoor_air_pollution </ref> | ||
* Second-hand smoke contains the same chemicals as smoke that is actively inhaled. People exposed to second-hand smoke have an increased risk of lung cancer. Second-hand smoke is a main risk factor for lung cancer among non-smokers. No amount of exposure to second-hand smoke is safe. | * Second-hand smoke contains the same chemicals as smoke that is actively inhaled. People exposed to second-hand smoke have an increased risk of lung cancer. Second-hand smoke is a main risk factor for lung cancer among non-smokers. No amount of exposure to second-hand smoke is safe.<ref>Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/risks/?region=ab#Outdoor_air_pollution </ref> | ||
'''Air Pollution''' | '''Air Pollution''' | ||
*Emissions from automobiles, factories and power plants are thought to pose potential risks.<ref name="Parent">{{cite journal | last =Parent | first =ME | coauthors = Rousseau MC, Boffetta P et al. | title =Exposure to diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of lung cancer | journal =American Journal of Epidemiology | volume =165 | issue =1 | pages =53–62 | date =Jan 2007 | pmid = 17062632 }}</ref> | *Emissions from automobiles, factories and power plants are thought to pose potential risks.<ref name="Parent">{{cite journal | last =Parent | first =ME | coauthors = Rousseau MC, Boffetta P et al. | title =Exposure to diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of lung cancer | journal =American Journal of Epidemiology | volume =165 | issue =1 | pages =53–62 | date =Jan 2007 | pmid = 17062632 }}</ref> | ||
* Researchers have shown that individual components of outdoor air pollution cause cancer. These components include diesel engine exhaust, benzene, particulate matter and some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). | * Researchers have shown that individual components of outdoor air pollution cause cancer. These components include diesel engine exhaust, benzene, particulate matter and some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).<ref>Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/risks/?region=ab#Outdoor_air_pollution </ref> | ||
<ref>Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/risks/?region=ab#Outdoor_air_pollution </ref> | |||
'''Family History of Lung Cancer''' | '''Family History of Lung Cancer''' | ||
Revision as of 18:20, 14 December 2015
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Kim-Son H. Nguyen, M.D., M.P.A., Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]
Overview
Common Risk Factors
The following may increase one's risk of lung cancer:
- Smoking
- Second-hand smoke
- Family history of lung cancer
- High levels of air pollution
- Radiation therapy to the chest
- Radon gas
- Asbestos
- High levels of arsenic in drinking water
- Occupational exposure to chemical carcinogens
- Previous lung disease
- Indoor burning of coal
- Weakened immune system
- Lupus
Smoking
- Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer.
- Both active and passive smoking[1][2][3][4] are associated with increased risk of lung cancer.
- The risk of lung cancer is associated with increased quantity of cigarette smoking as well as increased duration of smoking.
- There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk (however lung cancer has occurred in people who have never smoked).
- The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk of lung cancer.
- Recently introduced e-cigarrettes, which were thought to be risk-free were recently demonstrated to be also associated with a significantly increased risk of lung cancer due to the presence of formaldehyde.[5]
- In the United States, smoking is estimated to account for 87% of lung cancer cases (90% in men and 85% in women).[6]*There is approximately a 20 year lag period between smoking and death due to lung cancer (in men). Shown below is an image depicting the correlation between smoking and lung cancer.
Second-hand smoke
- Second-hand smoke is what smokers exhale and what rises from a burning cigarette, pipe or cigar. It is also called environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), or involuntary or passive smoking.[7]
- Second-hand smoke contains the same chemicals as smoke that is actively inhaled. People exposed to second-hand smoke have an increased risk of lung cancer. Second-hand smoke is a main risk factor for lung cancer among non-smokers. No amount of exposure to second-hand smoke is safe.[8]
Air Pollution
- Emissions from automobiles, factories and power plants are thought to pose potential risks.[9]
- Researchers have shown that individual components of outdoor air pollution cause cancer. These components include diesel engine exhaust, benzene, particulate matter and some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).[10]
Family History of Lung Cancer
- Family history of lung cancer may increase the risk of lung cancer. However, a positive family history is not as important as a risk factor compared to smoking.
Radiation Therapy to the Chest
- A history of radiation therapy to the chest increases the risk of lung cancer due to the development of cellular damage and DNA mutations.
Radon Exposure
- Radon gas (home basements) > 4 pCi/L[11]
- In USA high concentrations of radon are reported in Iowa.
Asbestos Exposure
- Asbestos particles often reside in the lungs and cause a state of chronic inflammation that prediposes to the development of lung cancer.
Exposure to Other Chemical Carcinogens
- Arsenic in drinking water
- Uranium
- Beryllium
- Vinyl chloride
- Nickel chromates
- Coal products
- Mustard gas
- Chloromethyl ethers
Less Common Risk Factors
- Smoking marijuana
- Indoor burning of wood
- High-temperature frying
- Diet
- Physical inactivity
- Occupational exposure to certain chemicals
- Removal of both ovaries
References
- ↑ CDC (Dec 1986). "1986 Surgeon General's report: the health consequences of involuntary smoking". CDC. PMID 3097495. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
* National Research Council (1986). Environmental tobacco smoke: measuring exposures and assessing health effects. National Academy Press. ISBN 0-309-07456-8.
* Template:Cite paper
* California Environmental Protection Agency (1997). "Health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke". Tobacco Control. 6 (4): 346–353. PMID 9583639. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
* CDC (Dec 2001). "State-specific prevalence of current cigarette smoking among adults, and policies and attitudes about secondhand smoke—United States, 2000". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. CDC. 50 (49): 1101–1106. PMID 11794619. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
* Alberg, AJ (Jan 2003). "Epidemiology of lung cancer". Chest. American College of Chest Physicians. 123 (S1): 21S–49S. PMID 12527563. Retrieved 2007-08-10. Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ Boffetta, P (Oct 1998). "Multicenter case-control study of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer in Europe". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Oxford University Press. 90 (19): 1440–1450. PMID 9776409. Retrieved 2007-08-10. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ "Report of the Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health". Department of Health. Mar 1998. Retrieved 2007-07-09.
* Hackshaw, AK (Jun 1998). "Lung cancer and passive smoking". Statistical Methods in Medical Research. 7 (2): 119–136. PMID 9654638. - ↑ Template:Cite paper
- ↑ Jensen RP, Luo W, Pankow JF, Strongin RM, Peyton DH (2015). "Hidden formaldehyde in e-cigarette aerosols". N Engl J Med. 372 (4): 392–4. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1413069. PMID 25607446.
- ↑ Samet, JM (May 1988). "Cigarette smoking and lung cancer in New Mexico". American Review of Respiratory Disease. 137 (5): 1110–1113. PMID 3264122. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/risks/?region=ab#Outdoor_air_pollution
- ↑ Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/risks/?region=ab#Outdoor_air_pollution
- ↑ Parent, ME (Jan 2007). "Exposure to diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of lung cancer". American Journal of Epidemiology. 165 (1): 53–62. PMID 17062632. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ Lung cancer. Canadian Cancer Society 2015. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/lung/risks/?region=ab#Outdoor_air_pollution
- ↑ EPA (Oct 2006). "Radiation information: radon". EPA. Retrieved 2007-08-11.