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==Overview==
==Overview==


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Incidence===
*Chronic Gastritis:
**The [[incidence]] of new cases of [[H. pylori|''H. pylori'']] infection each year ranges from 3,000 to 10,000 per 100,000 individuals in developing countries. <ref name="pmid20124281">{{cite journal| author=Rosenberg JJ| title=Helicobacter pylori. | journal=Pediatr Rev | year= 2010 | volume= 31 | issue= 2 | pages= 85-6; discussion 86 | pmid=20124281 | doi=10.1542/pir.31-2-85 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20124281  }} </ref>
**The [[incidence]] of new cases of [[H. pylori|''H. pylori'']] infection each year is around 500 per 100,000 individuals in developed countries.<ref name="pmid20124281">{{cite journal| author=Rosenberg JJ| title=Helicobacter pylori. | journal=Pediatr Rev | year= 2010 | volume= 31 | issue= 2 | pages= 85-6; discussion 86 | pmid=20124281 | doi=10.1542/pir.31-2-85 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20124281  }} </ref>
*It has been observed that with advancing age, the incidence of  [[H. pylori|''H. pylori'']] infection increases. <ref name="pmid2586553">{{cite journal| author=Dooley CP, Cohen H, Fitzgibbons PL, Bauer M, Appleman MD, Perez-Perez GI et al.| title=Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and histologic gastritis in asymptomatic persons. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1989 | volume= 321 | issue= 23 | pages= 1562-6 | pmid=2586553 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198912073212302 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2586553  }} </ref>
===Prevalence===
*Acute Gastritis:
**The prevalence of [[eosinophilic]] gastritis is approximately 6.3 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. <ref name="pmid25988554">{{cite journal| author=Jensen ET, Martin CF, Kappelman MD, Dellon ES| title=Prevalence of Eosinophilic Gastritis, Gastroenteritis, and Colitis: Estimates From a National Administrative Database. | journal=J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr | year= 2016 | volume= 62 | issue= 1 | pages= 36-42 | pmid=25988554 | doi=10.1097/MPG.0000000000000865 | pmc=4654708 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25988554  }} </ref>
===Age===
*[[H. pylori|''H. pylori'']] infection associated gastritis:
**All age groups may develop ''[[H. pylori]]'' infection.
**The [[prevalence]] of [[infection]] increases with age.<ref name="pmid2549098">{{cite journal| author=Mégraud F, Brassens-Rabbé MP, Denis F, Belbouri A, Hoa DQ| title=Seroepidemiology of Campylobacter pylori infection in various populations. | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year= 1989 | volume= 27 | issue= 8 | pages= 1870-3 | pmid=2549098 | doi= | pmc=267687 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2549098  }} </ref>
**About 30%-50% of [[H. pylori|''H. pylori'']] infections are acquired during childhood which increases to 90% during adulthood in developing countries.<ref name="pmid19298340">{{cite journal| author=Cheng H, Hu F, Zhang L, Yang G, Ma J, Hu J et al.| title=Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and identification of risk factors in rural and urban Beijing, China. | journal=Helicobacter | year= 2009 | volume= 14 | issue= 2 | pages= 128-33 | pmid=19298340 | doi=10.1111/j.1523-5378.2009.00668.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19298340  }} </ref>
**''[[H. pylori]]'' infection in developed countries is less common in children and reaches up to 60% with increasing age.<ref name="pmid11849122">{{cite journal| author=Go MF| title=Review article: natural history and epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. | journal=Aliment Pharmacol Ther | year= 2002 | volume= 16 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= 3-15 | pmid=11849122 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11849122  }} </ref>
**In United States, 20% of [[adolescents]] are infected with ''[[H. pylori]]'' when compared to 90% by 5 years of age in developing countries.<ref name="pmid12814771">{{cite journal| author=Frenck RW, Clemens J| title=Helicobacter in the developing world. | journal=Microbes Infect | year= 2003 | volume= 5 | issue= 8 | pages= 705-13 | pmid=12814771 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12814771  }} </ref>
**Children differ from adults with respect to ''[[H. pylori]]'' infection in terms of:<ref name="pmid18779740">{{cite journal| author=Elitsur Y, Dementieva Y, Rewalt M, Lawrence Z| title=Helicobacter pylori infection rate decreases in symptomatic children: a retrospective analysis of 13 years (1993-2005) from a gastroenterology clinic in West Virginia. | journal=J Clin Gastroenterol | year= 2009 | volume= 43 | issue= 2 | pages= 147-51 | pmid=18779740 | doi=10.1097/MCG.0b013e318157e4e7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18779740  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21558964">{{cite journal| author=Koletzko S, Jones NL, Goodman KJ, Gold B, Rowland M, Cadranel S et al.| title=Evidence-based guidelines from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN for Helicobacter pylori infection in children. | journal=J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr | year= 2011 | volume= 53 | issue= 2 | pages= 230-43 | pmid=21558964 | doi=10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182227e90 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21558964  }} </ref>
***[[Prevalence]] of [[infection]]
***High rate of [[antibiotic resistance]]
***The near-absence of [[Gastric malignancy|gastric malignancies]]
***Age specific problems with diagnostic tests and medications
===Race===
*In United States, ''[[H. pylori]]'' infection associated gastritis is more common in African Americans (54%), Hispanics (52%), and the elderly compared to Whites (21%).<ref name="pmid10762567">{{cite journal| author=Everhart JE, Kruszon-Moran D, Perez-Perez GI, Tralka TS, McQuillan G| title=Seroprevalence and ethnic differences in Helicobacter pylori infection among adults in the United States. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 2000 | volume= 181 | issue= 4 | pages= 1359-63 | pmid=10762567 | doi=10.1086/315384 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10762567  }} </ref><ref name="EverhartKruszon‐Moran2000">{{cite journal|last1=Everhart|first1=James E.|last2=Kruszon‐Moran|first2=Deanna|last3=Perez‐Perez|first3=Guillermo I.|last4=Tralka|first4=Tommie Sue|last5=McQuillan|first5=Geraldine|title=Seroprevalence and Ethnic Differences inHelicobacter pyloriInfection among Adults in the United States|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=181|issue=4|year=2000|pages=1359–1363|issn=0022-1899|doi=10.1086/315384}}</ref>
===Gender===
*In acute gastritis, females are usually more affected than men.
*In ''[[H. pylori]]'' infection associated gastritis, males are more commonly affected than females.<ref name="pmid17089189">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Martel C, Parsonnet J |title=Helicobacter pylori infection and gender: a meta-analysis of population-based prevalence surveys |journal=Dig. Dis. Sci. |volume=51 |issue=12 |pages=2292–301 |year=2006 |pmid=17089189 |doi=10.1007/s10620-006-9210-5 |url=}}</ref>
===Region===
*[[H. pylori|''H. pylori'']] infection associated gastritis is common in Southern and Eastern Europe, Mexico, South America, Africa, most Asian countries, and aboriginal people in North America.<ref name="pmid18622470">{{cite journal| author=Kawakami E, Machado RS, Ogata SK, Langner M| title=Decrease in prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection during a 10-year period in Brazilian children. | journal=Arq Gastroenterol | year= 2008 | volume= 45 | issue= 2 | pages= 147-51 | pmid=18622470 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18622470  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21896079">{{cite journal| author=Goh KL, Chan WK, Shiota S, Yamaoka Y| title=Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection and public health implications. | journal=Helicobacter | year= 2011 | volume= 16 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= 1-9 | pmid=21896079 | doi=10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00874.x | pmc=3719046 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21896079  }} </ref>
===Developed Countries===
*The [[incidence]] of new cases of [[H. pylori|''H. pylori'']] infection each year is 0.5 percent in developed countries.<ref name="pmid20124281">{{cite journal| author=Rosenberg JJ| title=Helicobacter pylori. | journal=Pediatr Rev | year= 2010 | volume= 31 | issue= 2 | pages= 85-6; discussion 86 | pmid=20124281 | doi=10.1542/pir.31-2-85 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20124281  }} </ref>
*The [[prevalence]] of ''[[H. pylori]]'' is declining in the United States.
*In developed countries such as the United States, children acquire the [[H. pylori|''H. pylori'']] infection at a rate of about less than 1% per year.
*It is estimated that 30%-40% of the US population is infected with ''[[H. pylori]]''.<ref name="pmid11030073">{{cite journal| author=Everhart JE| title=Recent developments in the epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori. | journal=Gastroenterol Clin North Am | year= 2000 | volume= 29 | issue= 3 | pages= 559-78 | pmid=11030073 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11030073  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10809031">{{cite journal| author=Peterson WL, Fendrick AM, Cave DR, Peura DA, Garabedian-Ruffalo SM, Laine L| title=Helicobacter pylori-related disease: guidelines for testing and treatment. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 2000 | volume= 160 | issue= 9 | pages= 1285-91 | pmid=10809031 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10809031  }} </ref>
*In United States, approximately 25% of children between 6-19 years old are infected.<ref name="pmid8896521">{{cite journal |vauthors=Staat MA, Kruszon-Moran D, McQuillan GM, Kaslow RA |title=A population-based serologic survey of Helicobacter pylori infection in children and adolescents in the United States |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=174 |issue=5 |pages=1120–3 |year=1996 |pmid=8896521 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*The [[incidence]] rates of [[H. pylori|''H. pylori'']] infection are high in Japan, Columbia, Costa Rica and China, and comparatively low in the United States.
===Developing Countries===
*The [[prevalence]] of ''[[H. pylori]]'' is higher in developing countries than that in developed countries.<ref name="pmid19636185">{{cite journal| author=Salih BA| title=Helicobacter pylori infection in developing countries: the burden for how long? | journal=Saudi J Gastroenterol | year= 2009 | volume= 15 | issue= 3 | pages= 201-7 | pmid=19636185 | doi=10.4103/1319-3767.54743 | pmc=2841423 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19636185  }} </ref>
*The [[incidence]] of new cases of [[H.pylori]] infection each year ranges from 3,000 to 10,000 per 100,000 individuals in developing countries.<ref name="pmid20124281">{{cite journal| author=Rosenberg JJ| title=Helicobacter pylori. | journal=Pediatr Rev | year= 2010 | volume= 31 | issue= 2 | pages= 85-6; discussion 86 | pmid=20124281 | doi=10.1542/pir.31-2-85 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20124281  }} </ref>
*In the developing countries, children in the age group of 2 to 8 years acquire the [[H.pylori]] infection at a rate of about 10% per year.
*[[H. pylori|''H. pylori'']] infection is common in Southern and Eastern Europe, Mexico, South America, Africa, most Asian countries, and aboriginal people in North America.<ref name="pmid18622470">{{cite journal| author=Kawakami E, Machado RS, Ogata SK, Langner M| title=Decrease in prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection during a 10-year period in Brazilian children. | journal=Arq Gastroenterol | year= 2008 | volume= 45 | issue= 2 | pages= 147-51 | pmid=18622470 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18622470  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21896079">{{cite journal| author=Goh KL, Chan WK, Shiota S, Yamaoka Y| title=Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection and public health implications. | journal=Helicobacter | year= 2011 | volume= 16 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= 1-9 | pmid=21896079 | doi=10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00874.x | pmc=3719046 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21896079  }} </ref>
==Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection Globally==
Prevalence of ''[[H. pylori]]'' infection globally<ref name="pmid21961099">{{cite journal| author=Hunt RH, Xiao SD, Megraud F, Leon-Barua R, Bazzoli F, van der Merwe S et al.| title=Helicobacter pylori in developing countries. World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guideline. | journal=J Gastrointestin Liver Dis | year= 2011 | volume= 20 | issue= 3 | pages= 299-304 | pmid=21961099 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21961099  }} </ref>
{|
! colspan="4" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |'''Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection Globally'''
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + | Country
! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + | Prevalence per 100,000
|-
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + | Children
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + | Adult
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | '''Africa'''
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Ethiopia
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 48,000
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | >95,000
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Nigeria
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 82,000
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 91,000
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | '''Central America'''
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Gautemala
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 51,000
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 65,000
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Mexico
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 43,000
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 90,000
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | '''North America'''
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Canada
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 7100
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 23,000
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | USA and Canada
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 30,000
|-
| rowspan="3" style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | '''South America'''
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Bolivia
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 54,000
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Brazil
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 30,000
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 82,000
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Chile
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 36,000
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | >70,000
|-
| rowspan="8" style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | '''Asia'''
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Bangladesh
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 60,000
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | >90,000
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Hong Kong
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 13,000
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | India
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 22,000
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | >80,000
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Japan
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | >70,000
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Siberia
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 30,000
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 85,000
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | South Korea
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 56,000
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 40,600
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Sri Lanka
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 67,000
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 72,000
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Taiwan
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 11,000
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | >50,000
|-
| rowspan="1" style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | '''Australia'''
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Australia
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 20,000
|-
| rowspan="11" style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | '''Europe'''
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Eastern
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 70,000
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Albania
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 70700
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Bulgaria
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 61,700
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Czech Republic
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 42,000
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Estonia
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 60,000
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Germany
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 48,800
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Iceland
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 36,000
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Netherlands
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 12000
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Serbia
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 36,400
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Sweden
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 11,000
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Switzerland
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " |
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 11,900
|-
| rowspan="4" style="background:#DCDCDC; + " | '''Middle East'''
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Egypt
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 50,000
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 90,000
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Libya
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 50,000
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 94,000
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Saudi Arabia
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 40,000
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 80,000
|-
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | Turkey
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 64,000
| style="background:#F5F5F5; + " | 80,000
|}


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 16:21, 2 February 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:


Overview

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

  • Chronic Gastritis:
    • The incidence of new cases of H. pylori infection each year ranges from 3,000 to 10,000 per 100,000 individuals in developing countries. [1]
    • The incidence of new cases of H. pylori infection each year is around 500 per 100,000 individuals in developed countries.[1]
  • It has been observed that with advancing age, the incidence of H. pylori infection increases. [2]

Prevalence

  • Acute Gastritis:
    • The prevalence of eosinophilic gastritis is approximately 6.3 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. [3]

Age

Race

  • In United States, H. pylori infection associated gastritis is more common in African Americans (54%), Hispanics (52%), and the elderly compared to Whites (21%).[10][11]

Gender

  • In acute gastritis, females are usually more affected than men.
  • In H. pylori infection associated gastritis, males are more commonly affected than females.[12]

Region

  • H. pylori infection associated gastritis is common in Southern and Eastern Europe, Mexico, South America, Africa, most Asian countries, and aboriginal people in North America.[13][14]

Developed Countries

  • The incidence of new cases of H. pylori infection each year is 0.5 percent in developed countries.[1]
  • The prevalence of H. pylori is declining in the United States.
  • In developed countries such as the United States, children acquire the H. pylori infection at a rate of about less than 1% per year.
  • It is estimated that 30%-40% of the US population is infected with H. pylori.[15][16]
  • In United States, approximately 25% of children between 6-19 years old are infected.[17]
  • The incidence rates of H. pylori infection are high in Japan, Columbia, Costa Rica and China, and comparatively low in the United States.

Developing Countries

  • The prevalence of H. pylori is higher in developing countries than that in developed countries.[18]
  • The incidence of new cases of H.pylori infection each year ranges from 3,000 to 10,000 per 100,000 individuals in developing countries.[1]
  • In the developing countries, children in the age group of 2 to 8 years acquire the H.pylori infection at a rate of about 10% per year.
  • H. pylori infection is common in Southern and Eastern Europe, Mexico, South America, Africa, most Asian countries, and aboriginal people in North America.[13][14]

Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection Globally

Prevalence of H. pylori infection globally[19]

Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection Globally
Country Prevalence per 100,000
Children Adult
Africa Ethiopia 48,000 >95,000
Nigeria 82,000 91,000
Central America Gautemala 51,000 65,000
Mexico 43,000 90,000
North America Canada 7100 23,000
USA and Canada 30,000
South America Bolivia 54,000
Brazil 30,000 82,000
Chile 36,000 >70,000
Asia Bangladesh 60,000 >90,000
Hong Kong 13,000
India 22,000 >80,000
Japan >70,000
Siberia 30,000 85,000
South Korea 56,000 40,600
Sri Lanka 67,000 72,000
Taiwan 11,000 >50,000
Australia Australia 20,000
Europe Eastern 70,000
Albania 70700
Bulgaria 61,700
Czech Republic 42,000
Estonia 60,000
Germany 48,800
Iceland 36,000
Netherlands 12000
Serbia 36,400
Sweden 11,000
Switzerland 11,900
Middle East Egypt 50,000 90,000
Libya 50,000 94,000
Saudi Arabia 40,000 80,000
Turkey 64,000 80,000

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Rosenberg JJ (2010). "Helicobacter pylori". Pediatr Rev. 31 (2): 85–6, discussion 86. doi:10.1542/pir.31-2-85. PMID 20124281.
  2. ↑ Dooley CP, Cohen H, Fitzgibbons PL, Bauer M, Appleman MD, Perez-Perez GI; et al. (1989). "Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and histologic gastritis in asymptomatic persons". N Engl J Med. 321 (23): 1562–6. doi:10.1056/NEJM198912073212302. PMID 2586553.
  3. ↑ Jensen ET, Martin CF, Kappelman MD, Dellon ES (2016). "Prevalence of Eosinophilic Gastritis, Gastroenteritis, and Colitis: Estimates From a National Administrative Database". J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 62 (1): 36–42. doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000000865. PMC 4654708. PMID 25988554.
  4. ↑ Mégraud F, Brassens-Rabbé MP, Denis F, Belbouri A, Hoa DQ (1989). "Seroepidemiology of Campylobacter pylori infection in various populations". J Clin Microbiol. 27 (8): 1870–3. PMC 267687. PMID 2549098.
  5. ↑ Cheng H, Hu F, Zhang L, Yang G, Ma J, Hu J; et al. (2009). "Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and identification of risk factors in rural and urban Beijing, China". Helicobacter. 14 (2): 128–33. doi:10.1111/j.1523-5378.2009.00668.x. PMID 19298340.
  6. ↑ Go MF (2002). "Review article: natural history and epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection". Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 16 Suppl 1: 3–15. PMID 11849122.
  7. ↑ Frenck RW, Clemens J (2003). "Helicobacter in the developing world". Microbes Infect. 5 (8): 705–13. PMID 12814771.
  8. ↑ Elitsur Y, Dementieva Y, Rewalt M, Lawrence Z (2009). "Helicobacter pylori infection rate decreases in symptomatic children: a retrospective analysis of 13 years (1993-2005) from a gastroenterology clinic in West Virginia". J Clin Gastroenterol. 43 (2): 147–51. doi:10.1097/MCG.0b013e318157e4e7. PMID 18779740.
  9. ↑ Koletzko S, Jones NL, Goodman KJ, Gold B, Rowland M, Cadranel S; et al. (2011). "Evidence-based guidelines from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN for Helicobacter pylori infection in children". J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 53 (2): 230–43. doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182227e90. PMID 21558964.
  10. ↑ Everhart JE, Kruszon-Moran D, Perez-Perez GI, Tralka TS, McQuillan G (2000). "Seroprevalence and ethnic differences in Helicobacter pylori infection among adults in the United States". J Infect Dis. 181 (4): 1359–63. doi:10.1086/315384. PMID 10762567.
  11. ↑ Everhart, James E.; Kruszon‐Moran, Deanna; Perez‐Perez, Guillermo I.; Tralka, Tommie Sue; McQuillan, Geraldine (2000). "Seroprevalence and Ethnic Differences inHelicobacter pyloriInfection among Adults in the United States". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 181 (4): 1359–1363. doi:10.1086/315384. ISSN 0022-1899.
  12. ↑ de Martel C, Parsonnet J (2006). "Helicobacter pylori infection and gender: a meta-analysis of population-based prevalence surveys". Dig. Dis. Sci. 51 (12): 2292–301. doi:10.1007/s10620-006-9210-5. PMID 17089189.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Kawakami E, Machado RS, Ogata SK, Langner M (2008). "Decrease in prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection during a 10-year period in Brazilian children". Arq Gastroenterol. 45 (2): 147–51. PMID 18622470.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Goh KL, Chan WK, Shiota S, Yamaoka Y (2011). "Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection and public health implications". Helicobacter. 16 Suppl 1: 1–9. doi:10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00874.x. PMC 3719046. PMID 21896079.
  15. ↑ Everhart JE (2000). "Recent developments in the epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori". Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 29 (3): 559–78. PMID 11030073.
  16. ↑ Peterson WL, Fendrick AM, Cave DR, Peura DA, Garabedian-Ruffalo SM, Laine L (2000). "Helicobacter pylori-related disease: guidelines for testing and treatment". Arch Intern Med. 160 (9): 1285–91. PMID 10809031.
  17. ↑ Staat MA, Kruszon-Moran D, McQuillan GM, Kaslow RA (1996). "A population-based serologic survey of Helicobacter pylori infection in children and adolescents in the United States". J. Infect. Dis. 174 (5): 1120–3. PMID 8896521.
  18. ↑ Salih BA (2009). "Helicobacter pylori infection in developing countries: the burden for how long?". Saudi J Gastroenterol. 15 (3): 201–7. doi:10.4103/1319-3767.54743. PMC 2841423. PMID 19636185.
  19. ↑ Hunt RH, Xiao SD, Megraud F, Leon-Barua R, Bazzoli F, van der Merwe S; et al. (2011). "Helicobacter pylori in developing countries. World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guideline". J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 20 (3): 299–304. PMID 21961099.


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