Cretinism historical perspective: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 20:43, 11 August 2017

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

Historical Perspective

Discovery

[Disease name] was first discovered by [name of scientist], a [nationality + occupation], in [year]/during/following [event].

The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].
In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].
In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].

Outbreaks

There have been several outbreaks of [disease name], which are summarized below:

Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies

In [year], [diagnostic test/therapy] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].

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 __NOTOC__
 {{Cretinism}}
-{{CMG}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}}
 ==Overview==
 ==Historical Perspective==
-[[Endemic]] cretinism was especially common in areas of southern Europe around the Alps and was described by Roman writers, and often depicted by medieval artists. Alpine cretinism was described from a medical perspective by several travellers and physicians in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. At that time the cause was not known and it was often attributed to "stagnant air" in mountain valleys or "bad water". The proportion of people affected varied markedly throughout southern Europe and even within very small areas it might be common in one valley and not another. The number of severely affected persons was always a minority and most persons affected by cretinism to the extent of having a goiter and some degree of reduced cognition and growth were still socially functional in their pastoral villages.
-More mildly affected areas of Europe and North America in the 19th century were referred to as "[[goiter]] belts". The degree of iodine deficiency was milder and manifested primarily as thyroid enlargement rather than severe mental and physical impairment. In Switzerland, for example, where soil is poor in iodine, the cases of cretinism were very abundant and even were considered to be genetically caused. As the variety of food sources dramatically increased in Europe and North America and the populations became less completely dependent on locally grown food, the prevalence of endemic goiter diminished.
+===Discovery===
+*[Disease name] was first discovered by [name of scientist], a [nationality + occupation], in [year]/during/following [event].
-In the early 20th century the relationships of sporadic cretinism with congenital hypothyroidism, and endemic cretinism with hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency were discovered and both have been largely eliminated in the developed world.
+*The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].
-===Etymology and usage of the term===
+*In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].
-The term ''cretin'' was brought into medical use in the 18th century from an Alpine French dialect. It was used widely as a medical term in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but in recent decades has spread more widely in popular English as a markedly derogatory term for a person who exhibits stupid behaviour. Because of its pejorative connotations in popular speech, the term has been largely abandoned by physicians and health care workers.
+*In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].
-The etymology of the word ''cretin'' is not known with certainty. Several hypotheses have been proposed. The most common derivation provided in English dictionaries is from the Alpine French dialect pronunciation of the word ''Chretien'' - (a) Christian, which functioned as a form of greeting in those parts. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the translation of the Latin term into "human creature" implies that the label "Christian" is a reminder of the humanity of the afflicted, in contrast to brute beasts <ref>{{cite web | url = http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50053852 | title = "cretin" | work = Oxford English Dictionary | accessdate = 2005-12-11</ref>. Other sources have suggested "Christian" refers to the "Christ-like" inability of such a person to commit sin,  because of an incapacity to distinguish right from wrong <ref>{{cite web | last = Brockett | first = Linus P | url = http://www.disabilitymuseum.org/lib/docs/1385.htm | title = Cretins And Idiots | work = The Atlantic Monthly | year = Feb 1858 | accessdate = 2005-12-11 }}</ref>.
+==Outbreaks==
+*There have been several outbreaks of [disease name], which are summarized below:
-Other speculative etymologies have been offered:
+==Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies==
-#From ''creta'', Latin for ''chalk'', because of the pallor of those affected.
+*In [year], [diagnostic test/therapy] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].
-#From ''cretira'', Grisson-Romance ''creature'', from Latin ''creatus''.
-#From ''cretine'', French for ''alluvium'' (soil deposited by flowing water), an allusion to the suspected origin from inadequate soil.<ref>{{cite book | first = VC | last = Medvei | title = The History of Clinical Endocrinology | location = Pearl River, New York | publisher = Parthenon Publishing Group | date = 1993 }}</ref>
+==Impact on Cultural History==
+==Famous Cases==
+*The following are a few famous cases of [[disease name]]:
 ==References==
-{{reflist|2}}
+{{Reflist|2}}
 {{WH}}
 {{WS}}
-[[Category:Needs overview]]
-[[Category:Endocrinology]]

Cretinism historical perspective: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 20:43, 11 August 2017

Overview

Historical Perspective

Discovery

Outbreaks

Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies

Impact on Cultural History

Famous Cases

References

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