Necrotizing fasciitis causes: Difference between revisions
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| Type 1 (70%-80% cases) <br>Polymicrobial/[[Synergistic]]<ref name="pmid17473566">{{cite journal| author=Salcido RS| title=Necrotizing fasciitis: reviewing the causes and treatment strategies. | journal=Adv Skin Wound Care | year= 2007 | volume= 20 | issue= 5 | pages= 288-93; quiz 294-5 | pmid=17473566 | doi=10.1097/01.ASW.0000269317.76380.3b | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17473566 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15723996">{{cite journal| author=Anaya DA, McMahon K, Nathens AB, Sullivan SR, Foy H, Bulger E| title=Predictors of mortality and limb loss in necrotizing soft tissue infections. | journal=Arch Surg | year= 2005 | volume= 140 | issue= 2 | pages= 151-7; discussion 158 | pmid=15723996 | doi=10.1001/archsurg.140.2.151 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15723996 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15814880">{{cite journal| author=Miller LG, Perdreau-Remington F, Rieg G, Mehdi S, Perlroth J, Bayer AS et al.| title=Necrotizing fasciitis caused by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Los Angeles. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2005 | volume= 352 | issue= 14 | pages= 1445-53 | pmid=15814880 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa042683 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15814880 }} </ref> || ● Mixed aerobes, anaerobes and facultative anerobic bacteria <br> ● Often bowel flora-derived <br> ● Affects immunocomprmised or those with underlying abominal pathology | | Type 1 (70%-80% cases) <br>Polymicrobial/[[Synergistic]]<ref name="pmid17473566">{{cite journal| author=Salcido RS| title=Necrotizing fasciitis: reviewing the causes and treatment strategies. | journal=Adv Skin Wound Care | year= 2007 | volume= 20 | issue= 5 | pages= 288-93; quiz 294-5 | pmid=17473566 | doi=10.1097/01.ASW.0000269317.76380.3b | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17473566 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15723996">{{cite journal| author=Anaya DA, McMahon K, Nathens AB, Sullivan SR, Foy H, Bulger E| title=Predictors of mortality and limb loss in necrotizing soft tissue infections. | journal=Arch Surg | year= 2005 | volume= 140 | issue= 2 | pages= 151-7; discussion 158 | pmid=15723996 | doi=10.1001/archsurg.140.2.151 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15723996 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15814880">{{cite journal| author=Miller LG, Perdreau-Remington F, Rieg G, Mehdi S, Perlroth J, Bayer AS et al.| title=Necrotizing fasciitis caused by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Los Angeles. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2005 | volume= 352 | issue= 14 | pages= 1445-53 | pmid=15814880 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa042683 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15814880 }} </ref> || ● Mixed aerobes, anaerobes and facultative anerobic bacteria <br> ● Often bowel flora-derived <br> ● Affects immunocomprmised or those with underlying abominal pathology | ||
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| Type 2 (20% to 30% cases) <br>Monomicrobial<ref name="pmid23753218">{{cite journal| author=Shiroff AM, Herlitz GN, Gracias VH| title=Necrotizing soft tissue infections. | journal=J Intensive Care Med | year= 2014 | volume= 29 | issue= 3 | pages= 138-44 | pmid=23753218 | doi=10.1177/0885066612463680 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23753218 }} </ref><ref name=" | | Type 2 (20% to 30% cases) <br>Monomicrobial<ref name="pmid23753218">{{cite journal| author=Shiroff AM, Herlitz GN, Gracias VH| title=Necrotizing soft tissue infections. | journal=J Intensive Care Med | year= 2014 | volume= 29 | issue= 3 | pages= 138-44 | pmid=23753218 | doi=10.1177/0885066612463680 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23753218 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2654217">{{cite journal| author=Umbert IJ, Winkelmann RK, Oliver GF, Peters MS| title=Necrotizing fasciitis: a clinical, microbiologic, and histopathologic study of 14 patients. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 1989 | volume= 20 | issue= 5 Pt 1 | pages= 774-81 | pmid=2654217 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2654217 }} </ref> || ● [[Streptococci|Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci group A]] ([[Streptococcus pyogenes]]) <br> ● with/without ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' <br> ● Skin or throat derived | ||
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| Type 3 (common in Asia) <br>Gram negative monomicrobial NF (including marine related organisms)|| ● [[Vibrio|Vibrio spp]] mainly <br> ● Raw oyster ingestion (''V.Vulnficus'') <br> ● Wound contamination with sea water <br> ● Non-vibrio spp (Pasteurella multocida, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella spp and Aeromonas spp) | | Type 3 (common in Asia) <br>Gram negative monomicrobial NF (including marine related organisms)|| ● [[Vibrio|Vibrio spp]] mainly <br> ● Raw oyster ingestion (''V.Vulnficus'') <br> ● Wound contamination with sea water <br> ● Non-vibrio spp (Pasteurella multocida, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella spp and Aeromonas spp) | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yamuna Kondapally, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
The causative organisms vary depending on the type of necrotizing fasciitis. Type I (polymicrobial), Type II (monomicrobial), Type III (gram negative monomicrobial including marine related organisms) and Type IV (fungal).
Causes
Necrotizing fasciitis may be caused by the following organisms:[1]
| Type | Organism |
|---|---|
| Type 1 (70%-80% cases) Polymicrobial/Synergistic[2][3][4] |
● Mixed aerobes, anaerobes and facultative anerobic bacteria ● Often bowel flora-derived ● Affects immunocomprmised or those with underlying abominal pathology |
| Type 2 (20% to 30% cases) Monomicrobial[5][6] |
● Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci group A (Streptococcus pyogenes) ● with/without Staphylococcus aureus ● Skin or throat derived |
| Type 3 (common in Asia) Gram negative monomicrobial NF (including marine related organisms) |
● Vibrio spp mainly ● Raw oyster ingestion (V.Vulnficus) ● Wound contamination with sea water ● Non-vibrio spp (Pasteurella multocida, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella spp and Aeromonas spp) |
| Type 4 (Fungal) | ● Candida (Immunocompromised patients) ● Zygomycetes such as Mucor and Rhizopus spp (Immunocompetent patients) |
References
- ↑ Shimizu T, Tokuda Y (2010). "Necrotizing fasciitis". Intern Med. 49 (12): 1051–7. PMID 20558917.
- ↑ Salcido RS (2007). "Necrotizing fasciitis: reviewing the causes and treatment strategies". Adv Skin Wound Care. 20 (5): 288–93, quiz 294-5. doi:10.1097/01.ASW.0000269317.76380.3b. PMID 17473566.
- ↑ Anaya DA, McMahon K, Nathens AB, Sullivan SR, Foy H, Bulger E (2005). "Predictors of mortality and limb loss in necrotizing soft tissue infections". Arch Surg. 140 (2): 151–7, discussion 158. doi:10.1001/archsurg.140.2.151. PMID 15723996.
- ↑ Miller LG, Perdreau-Remington F, Rieg G, Mehdi S, Perlroth J, Bayer AS; et al. (2005). "Necrotizing fasciitis caused by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Los Angeles". N Engl J Med. 352 (14): 1445–53. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa042683. PMID 15814880.
- ↑ Shiroff AM, Herlitz GN, Gracias VH (2014). "Necrotizing soft tissue infections". J Intensive Care Med. 29 (3): 138–44. doi:10.1177/0885066612463680. PMID 23753218.
- ↑ Umbert IJ, Winkelmann RK, Oliver GF, Peters MS (1989). "Necrotizing fasciitis: a clinical, microbiologic, and histopathologic study of 14 patients". J Am Acad Dermatol. 20 (5 Pt 1): 774–81. PMID 2654217.