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Urethritis may be caused by either infectious or non infectious causes. Gonorrhea is still the most common cause of urethritis.
Urethritis may be caused by either infectious or non infectious causes. Gonorrhea is still the most common cause of urethritis.
==Causes==
==Causes==
Urethritis may be caused by either infectious or non infectious causes. Infectious causes are divided to ''gonorrheal'' and ''non-gonorrheal''<ref name="pmid22000844">{{cite journal |vauthors=Al-Sweih NA, Khan S, Rotimi VO |title=The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among men with urethritis in Kuwait |journal=J Infect Public Health |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=175–9 |year=2011 |pmid=22000844 |doi=10.1016/j.jiph.2011.07.003 |url=}}</ref>. Gonorrhea is still the most common cause of urethritis, universally<ref name="pmid22000844">{{cite journal |vauthors=Al-Sweih NA, Khan S, Rotimi VO |title=The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among men with urethritis in Kuwait |journal=J Infect Public Health |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=175–9 |year=2011 |pmid=22000844 |doi=10.1016/j.jiph.2011.07.003 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20852197">{{cite journal |vauthors=Le Roux MC, Ramoncha MR, Adam A, Hoosen AA |title=Aetiological agents of urethritis in symptomatic South African men attending a family practice |journal=Int J STD AIDS |volume=21 |issue=7 |pages=477–81 |year=2010 |pmid=20852197 |doi=10.1258/ijsa.2010.010066 |url=}}</ref>.
Urethritis may be caused by either infectious or non infectious causes. Infectious causes are divided to ''gonorrheal'' and ''non-gonorrheal''<ref name="pmid22000844">{{cite journal |vauthors=Al-Sweih NA, Khan S, Rotimi VO |title=The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among men with urethritis in Kuwait |journal=J Infect Public Health |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=175–9 |year=2011 |pmid=22000844 |doi=10.1016/j.jiph.2011.07.003 |url=}}</ref>. Gonorrhea is still the most common cause of urethritis, universally<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Kimberly A. Workowski]] & [[Gail A. Bolan]]
| title = Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015
| journal = [[MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control]]
| volume = 64
| issue = RR-03
| pages = 1–137
| year = 2015
| month = June
| pmid = 26042815
}}</ref><ref name="pmid22000844">{{cite journal |vauthors=Al-Sweih NA, Khan S, Rotimi VO |title=The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among men with urethritis in Kuwait |journal=J Infect Public Health |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=175–9 |year=2011 |pmid=22000844 |doi=10.1016/j.jiph.2011.07.003 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20852197">{{cite journal |vauthors=Le Roux MC, Ramoncha MR, Adam A, Hoosen AA |title=Aetiological agents of urethritis in symptomatic South African men attending a family practice |journal=Int J STD AIDS |volume=21 |issue=7 |pages=477–81 |year=2010 |pmid=20852197 |doi=10.1258/ijsa.2010.010066 |url=}}</ref>.




Line 15: Line 25:
{{familytree | | | | C01 | | | | | | C02| |C01='''Non Infectious causes<ref name="pmid15879866">{{cite journal |vauthors=Herz D, Weiser A, Collette T, Reda E, Levitt S, Franco I |title=Dysfunctional elimination syndrome as an etiology of idiopathic urethritis in childhood |journal=J. Urol. |volume=173 |issue=6 |pages=2132–7 |year=2005 |pmid=15879866 |doi=10.1097/01.ju.0000157686.28359.c7 |url=}}</ref>'''|C02='''Infectious causes<ref name="pmid20852197">{{cite journal |vauthors=Le Roux MC, Ramoncha MR, Adam A, Hoosen AA |title=Aetiological agents of urethritis in symptomatic South African men attending a family practice |journal=Int J STD AIDS |volume=21 |issue=7 |pages=477–81 |year=2010 |pmid=20852197 |doi=10.1258/ijsa.2010.010066 |url=}}</ref>'''}}
{{familytree | | | | C01 | | | | | | C02| |C01='''Non Infectious causes<ref name="pmid15879866">{{cite journal |vauthors=Herz D, Weiser A, Collette T, Reda E, Levitt S, Franco I |title=Dysfunctional elimination syndrome as an etiology of idiopathic urethritis in childhood |journal=J. Urol. |volume=173 |issue=6 |pages=2132–7 |year=2005 |pmid=15879866 |doi=10.1097/01.ju.0000157686.28359.c7 |url=}}</ref>'''|C02='''Infectious causes<ref name="pmid20852197">{{cite journal |vauthors=Le Roux MC, Ramoncha MR, Adam A, Hoosen AA |title=Aetiological agents of urethritis in symptomatic South African men attending a family practice |journal=Int J STD AIDS |volume=21 |issue=7 |pages=477–81 |year=2010 |pmid=20852197 |doi=10.1258/ijsa.2010.010066 |url=}}</ref>'''}}
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | D01 | | | | D02 | | D03|D01=Heavy precipitation of urinary crystals<br>Chemicals<br>bobble bath<br>Stevens-Johnson syndrome<br>Spermicides|D02=Gonococcal Urethritis|D03=Nongonococcal Urethritis }}
{{familytree | | | | D01 | | | | D02 | | D03|D01=Heavy precipitation of urinary crystals<br>Chemicals<br>bobble bath<br>Stevens-Johnson syndrome<br>Spermicides|D02=Gonococcal Urethritis<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Kimberly A. Workowski]] & [[Gail A. Bolan]]
| title = Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015
| journal = [[MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control]]
| volume = 64
| issue = RR-03
| pages = 1–137
| year = 2015
| month = June
| pmid = 26042815
}}</ref>|D03=Nongonococcal Urethritis<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[K. K. Holmes]], [[H. H. Handsfield]], [[S. P. Wang]], [[B. B. Wentworth]], [[M. Turck]], [[J. B. Anderson]] & [[E. R. Alexander]]
| title = Etiology of nongonococcal urethritis
| journal = [[The New England journal of medicine]]
| volume = 292
| issue = 23
| pages = 1199–1205
| year = 1975
| month = June
| doi = 10.1056/NEJM197506052922301
| pmid = 165407
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[David H. Martin]]
| title = Nongonococcal urethritis: new views through the prism of modern molecular microbiology
| journal = [[Current infectious disease reports]]
| volume = 10
| issue = 2
| pages = 128–132
| year = 2008
| month = May
| pmid = 18462587
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Michael J. Schlicht]], [[Steven D. Lovrich]], [[Jeffrey S. Sartin]], [[Patricia Karpinsky]], [[Steven M. Callister]] & [[William A. Agger]]
| title = High prevalence of genital mycoplasmas among sexually active young adults with urethritis or cervicitis symptoms in La Crosse, Wisconsin
| journal = [[Journal of clinical microbiology]]
| volume = 42
| issue = 10
| pages = 4636–4640
| year = 2004
| month = October
| doi = 10.1128/JCM.42.10.4636-4640.2004
| pmid = 15472322
}}</ref> }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | E01|E01=Chlamydia trachomatis<br>Trichomonas vaginalis<br>Mycoplasma genitalium<br>Herpes simplex virus<br>Adenovirus<br>Ureaplasma urealyticum }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | E01|E01=Chlamydia trachomatis<br>Trichomonas vaginalis<br>Mycoplasma genitalium<br>Herpes simplex virus<br>Adenovirus<br>Ureaplasma urealyticum }}

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2]

Overview

Urethritis may be caused by either infectious or non infectious causes. Gonorrhea is still the most common cause of urethritis.

Causes

Urethritis may be caused by either infectious or non infectious causes. Infectious causes are divided to gonorrheal and non-gonorrheal[1]. Gonorrhea is still the most common cause of urethritis, universally[2][1][3].



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Causes
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Non Infectious causes[4]
 
 
 
 
 
Infectious causes[3]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Heavy precipitation of urinary crystals
Chemicals
bobble bath
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Spermicides
 
 
 
Gonococcal Urethritis[5]
 
Nongonococcal Urethritis[6][7][8]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chlamydia trachomatis
Trichomonas vaginalis
Mycoplasma genitalium
Herpes simplex virus
Adenovirus
Ureaplasma urealyticum


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Al-Sweih NA, Khan S, Rotimi VO (2011). "The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among men with urethritis in Kuwait". J Infect Public Health. 4 (4): 175–9. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2011.07.003. PMID 22000844.
  2. ↑ Kimberly A. Workowski & Gail A. Bolan (2015). "Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015". MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control. 64 (RR-03): 1–137. PMID 26042815. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Le Roux MC, Ramoncha MR, Adam A, Hoosen AA (2010). "Aetiological agents of urethritis in symptomatic South African men attending a family practice". Int J STD AIDS. 21 (7): 477–81. doi:10.1258/ijsa.2010.010066. PMID 20852197.
  4. ↑ Herz D, Weiser A, Collette T, Reda E, Levitt S, Franco I (2005). "Dysfunctional elimination syndrome as an etiology of idiopathic urethritis in childhood". J. Urol. 173 (6): 2132–7. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000157686.28359.c7. PMID 15879866.
  5. ↑ Kimberly A. Workowski & Gail A. Bolan (2015). "Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015". MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control. 64 (RR-03): 1–137. PMID 26042815. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ K. K. Holmes, H. H. Handsfield, S. P. Wang, B. B. Wentworth, M. Turck, J. B. Anderson & E. R. Alexander (1975). "Etiology of nongonococcal urethritis". The New England journal of medicine. 292 (23): 1199–1205. doi:10.1056/NEJM197506052922301. PMID 165407. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ David H. Martin (2008). "Nongonococcal urethritis: new views through the prism of modern molecular microbiology". Current infectious disease reports. 10 (2): 128–132. PMID 18462587. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ Michael J. Schlicht, Steven D. Lovrich, Jeffrey S. Sartin, Patricia Karpinsky, Steven M. Callister & William A. Agger (2004). "High prevalence of genital mycoplasmas among sexually active young adults with urethritis or cervicitis symptoms in La Crosse, Wisconsin". Journal of clinical microbiology. 42 (10): 4636–4640. doi:10.1128/JCM.42.10.4636-4640.2004. PMID 15472322. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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