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==Overview==
==Overview==
[[Atrial fibrillation]] occurs in 10% to 25% of patients with [[hyperthyroidism]]. [[Beta blockers]] and [[CCB|non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers]] may be used to control ventricular rate.<ref name="pmid6734051">Clozel JP, Danchin N, Genton P, Thomas JL, Cherrier F (1984) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6734051 Effects of propranolol and of verapamil on heart rate and blood pressure in hyperthyroidism.] ''Clin Pharmacol Ther'' 36 (1):64-9. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/6734051 6734051]</ref> In patients with [[hyperthyroidism]], [[anticoagulation|oral anticoagulation]] may be recommended to prevent systemic embolism.<ref name="pmid1801769">Hirsh J (1991) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1801769 Oral anticoagulant drugs.] ''N Engl J Med'' 324 (26):1865-75. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199106273242606 DOI:10.1056/NEJM199106273242606] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/1801769 1801769]</ref> [[AF]] in the setting of [[thyrotoxicosis]] has been shown to be associated with [[heart failure|decompensated heart failure]].<ref name="pmid2329232">Robinson K, Frenneaux MP, Stockins B, Karatasakis G, Poloniecki JD, McKenna WJ (1990) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2329232 Atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a longitudinal study.] ''J Am Coll Cardiol'' 15 (6):1279-85. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/2329232 2329232]</ref><ref name="pmid1822968">Russell JW, Biller J, Hajduczok ZD, Jones MP, Kerber RE, Adams HP (1991) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1822968 Ischemic cerebrovascular complications and risk factors in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.] ''Stroke'' 22 (9):1143-7. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/1822968 1822968]</ref><ref name="pmid7666571">Shigematsu Y, Hamada M, Mukai M, Matsuoka H, Sumimoto T, Hiwada K (1995) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7666571 Mechanism of atrial fibrillation and increased incidence of thromboembolism in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.] ''Jpn Circ J'' 59 (6):329-36. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/7666571 7666571]</ref>


==Atrial Fibrillation and Hyperthyroidism==
*[[Atrial fibrillation]] occurs in 10% to 25% of [[patients]] with [[hyperthyroidism]].<ref name="pmid6734051">Clozel JP, Danchin N, Genton P, Thomas JL, Cherrier F (1984) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6734051 Effects of propranolol and of verapamil on heart rate and blood pressure in hyperthyroidism.] ''Clin Pharmacol Ther'' 36 (1):64-9. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/6734051 6734051]</ref>
*[[Atrial fibrillation]] in the setting of [[thyrotoxicosis]] has been shown to be associated with [[heart failure|decompensated heart failure]].<ref name="pmid2329232">Robinson K, Frenneaux MP, Stockins B, Karatasakis G, Poloniecki JD, McKenna WJ (1990) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2329232 Atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a longitudinal study.] ''J Am Coll Cardiol'' 15 (6):1279-85. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/2329232 2329232]</ref><ref name="pmid1822968">Russell JW, Biller J, Hajduczok ZD, Jones MP, Kerber RE, Adams HP (1991) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1822968 Ischemic cerebrovascular complications and risk factors in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.] ''Stroke'' 22 (9):1143-7. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/1822968 1822968]</ref><ref name="pmid7666571">Shigematsu Y, Hamada M, Mukai M, Matsuoka H, Sumimoto T, Hiwada K (1995) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7666571 Mechanism of atrial fibrillation and increased incidence of thromboembolism in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.] ''Jpn Circ J'' 59 (6):329-36. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/7666571 7666571]</ref>
*[[Beta blockers]] and [[CCB|non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers]] may be used to control [[ventricle|ventricular rate]].<ref name="pmid6734051">Clozel JP, Danchin N, Genton P, Thomas JL, Cherrier F (1984) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6734051 Effects of propranolol and of verapamil on heart rate and blood pressure in hyperthyroidism.] ''Clin Pharmacol Ther'' 36 (1):64-9. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/6734051 6734051]</ref>
*In [[patients]] with [[hyperthyroidism]], [[anticoagulation|oral anticoagulation]] may be recommended to prevent systemic [[embolism]].<ref name="pmid1801769">Hirsh J (1991) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1801769 Oral anticoagulant drugs.] ''N Engl J Med'' 324 (26):1865-75. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199106273242606 DOI:10.1056/NEJM199106273242606] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/1801769 1801769]</ref>
==2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="JanuaryWann2014">{{cite journal|last1=January|first1=C. T.|last2=Wann|first2=L. S.|last3=Alpert|first3=J. S.|last4=Calkins|first4=H.|last5=Cleveland|first5=J. C.|last6=Cigarroa|first6=J. E.|last7=Conti|first7=J. B.|last8=Ellinor|first8=P. T.|last9=Ezekowitz|first9=M. D.|last10=Field|first10=M. E.|last11=Murray|first11=K. T.|last12=Sacco|first12=R. L.|last13=Stevenson|first13=W. G.|last14=Tchou|first14=P. J.|last15=Tracy|first15=C. M.|last16=Yancy|first16=C. W.|title=2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society|journal=Circulation|year=2014|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000041}}</ref>==
==2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="JanuaryWann2014">{{cite journal|last1=January|first1=C. T.|last2=Wann|first2=L. S.|last3=Alpert|first3=J. S.|last4=Calkins|first4=H.|last5=Cleveland|first5=J. C.|last6=Cigarroa|first6=J. E.|last7=Conti|first7=J. B.|last8=Ellinor|first8=P. T.|last9=Ezekowitz|first9=M. D.|last10=Field|first10=M. E.|last11=Murray|first11=K. T.|last12=Sacco|first12=R. L.|last13=Stevenson|first13=W. G.|last14=Tchou|first14=P. J.|last15=Tracy|first15=C. M.|last16=Yancy|first16=C. W.|title=2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society|journal=Circulation|year=2014|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000041}}</ref>==


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| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[Beta blockers]] are recommended to control ventricular rate in patients with [[AF]] complicating [[thyrotoxicosis]] unless contraindicated. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[Beta blockers]] are recommended to control [[ventricle|ventricular]] [[heart rate|rate]] in [[patients]] with [[atrial fibrillation]] complicating [[thyrotoxicosis]] unless [[contraindication|contraindicated]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' In circumstances in which a [[beta blocker]] cannot be used, a [[Calcium channel blocker#Non-dihydropyridine|nondihydropyridine calcium antagonist]] is recommended to control the ventricular rate. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' In circumstances in which a [[beta blocker]] cannot be used, a [[Calcium channel blocker#Non-dihydropyridine|nondihydropyridine calcium antagonist]] is recommended to control the [[ventricle|ventricular]] [[heart rate|rate]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
|}




==2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS Focused Updates Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial                     Fibrillation (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="pmid21392637">{{cite journal| author=Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al.| title=2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines developed in partnership with the European Society of Cardiology and in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2011 | volume= 57 | issue= 11 | pages= e101-98 | pmid=21392637 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.013 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21392637  }} </ref>==
==2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS Focused Updates Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="pmid21392637">{{cite journal| author=Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al.| title=2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines developed in partnership with the European Society of Cardiology and in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2011 | volume= 57 | issue= 11 | pages= e101-98 | pmid=21392637 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.013 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21392637  }} </ref>==
===Hyperthyroidism (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid21392637">{{cite journal| author=Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al.| title=2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines developed in partnership with the European Society of Cardiology and in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2011 | volume= 57 | issue= 11 | pages= e101-98 | pmid=21392637 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.013 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21392637  }} </ref>===
===Hyperthyroidism (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid21392637">{{cite journal| author=Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al.| title=2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines developed in partnership with the European Society of Cardiology and in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2011 | volume= 57 | issue= 11 | pages= e101-98 | pmid=21392637 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.013 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21392637  }} </ref>===


Line 40: Line 44:
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Administration of a [[beta blocker]] is recommended to control the rate of ventricular response in patients with AF complicating [[thyrotoxicosis]], unless contraindicated. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Administration of a [[beta blocker]] is recommended to control the [[heart rate|rate]] of [[ventricle|ventricular]] response in [[patients]] with [[atrial fibrillation]] complicating [[thyrotoxicosis]], unless [[contraindication|contraindicated]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' In circumstances when a [[beta blocker]] cannot be used, administration of a nondihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist ([[diltiazem]] or [[verapamil]]) is recommended to control the ventricular rate in patients with AF and thyrotoxicosis. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' In circumstances when a [[beta blocker]] cannot be used, administration of a [[Calcium channel blocker|nondihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist]] ([[diltiazem]] or [[verapamil]]) is recommended to control the [[ventricle|ventricular]] [[heart rate|rate]] in [[patients]] with [[atrial fibrillation]] and [[Hyperthyroidism|thyrotoxicosis]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' In patients with AF associated with thyrotoxicosis, oral [[anticoagulation]] ([[INR]] 2.0 to 3.0) is recommended to prevent [[thromboembolism]], as recommended for AF patients with other risk factors for [[stroke]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' In [[patients]] with [[atrial fibrillation]] associated with [[Hyperthyroidism|thyrotoxicosis]], [[mouth|oral]] [[anticoagulation]] ([[INR]] 2.0 to 3.0) is recommended to prevent [[thromboembolism]], as recommended for [[atrial fibrillation]] [[patients]] with other [[risk factors]] for [[stroke]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''4.''' Once a [[euthyroid]] state is restored, recommendations for antithrombotic prophylaxis are the same as for patients without [[hyperthyroidism]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''4.''' Once a [[euthyroid]] state is restored, recommendations for [[Antithrombotic|antithrombotic]] [[Prophylaxis|prophylaxis]] are the same as for [[patients]] without [[hyperthyroidism]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
|}


Revision as of 07:23, 9 September 2021
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.

Overview

Atrial Fibrillation and Hyperthyroidism

2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (DO NOT EDIT)[6]

Class I
"1. Beta blockers are recommended to control ventricular rate in patients with atrial fibrillation complicating thyrotoxicosis unless contraindicated. (Level of Evidence: C)"
"2. In circumstances in which a beta blocker cannot be used, a nondihydropyridine calcium antagonist is recommended to control the ventricular rate. (Level of Evidence: C)"


2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS Focused Updates Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (DO NOT EDIT)[7]

Hyperthyroidism (DO NOT EDIT) [7]

Class I
"1. Administration of a beta blocker is recommended to control the rate of ventricular response in patients with atrial fibrillation complicating thyrotoxicosis, unless contraindicated. (Level of Evidence: B)"
"2. In circumstances when a beta blocker cannot be used, administration of a nondihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist (diltiazem or verapamil) is recommended to control the ventricular rate in patients with atrial fibrillation and thyrotoxicosis. (Level of Evidence: B)"
"3. In patients with atrial fibrillation associated with thyrotoxicosis, oral anticoagulation (INR 2.0 to 3.0) is recommended to prevent thromboembolism, as recommended for atrial fibrillation patients with other risk factors for stroke. (Level of Evidence: C)"
"4. Once a euthyroid state is restored, recommendations for antithrombotic prophylaxis are the same as for patients without hyperthyroidism. (Level of Evidence: C)"

Sources

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Clozel JP, Danchin N, Genton P, Thomas JL, Cherrier F (1984) Effects of propranolol and of verapamil on heart rate and blood pressure in hyperthyroidism. Clin Pharmacol Ther 36 (1):64-9. PMID: 6734051
  2. ↑ Robinson K, Frenneaux MP, Stockins B, Karatasakis G, Poloniecki JD, McKenna WJ (1990) Atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a longitudinal study. J Am Coll Cardiol 15 (6):1279-85. PMID: 2329232
  3. ↑ Russell JW, Biller J, Hajduczok ZD, Jones MP, Kerber RE, Adams HP (1991) Ischemic cerebrovascular complications and risk factors in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Stroke 22 (9):1143-7. PMID: 1822968
  4. ↑ Shigematsu Y, Hamada M, Mukai M, Matsuoka H, Sumimoto T, Hiwada K (1995) Mechanism of atrial fibrillation and increased incidence of thromboembolism in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Jpn Circ J 59 (6):329-36. PMID: 7666571
  5. ↑ Hirsh J (1991) Oral anticoagulant drugs. N Engl J Med 324 (26):1865-75. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199106273242606 PMID: 1801769
  6. ↑ January, C. T.; Wann, L. S.; Alpert, J. S.; Calkins, H.; Cleveland, J. C.; Cigarroa, J. E.; Conti, J. B.; Ellinor, P. T.; Ezekowitz, M. D.; Field, M. E.; Murray, K. T.; Sacco, R. L.; Stevenson, W. G.; Tchou, P. J.; Tracy, C. M.; Yancy, C. W. (2014). "2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society". Circulation. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000041. ISSN 0009-7322.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA; et al. (2011). "2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines developed in partnership with the European Society of Cardiology and in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society". J Am Coll Cardiol. 57 (11): e101–98. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.013. PMID 21392637.
  8. ↑ Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al. (2006) ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 114 (7):e257-354. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.177292 PMID: 16908781
  9. ↑ Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al. (2011) 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation 123 (10):e269-367. DOI:10.1161/CIR.0b013e318214876d PMID: 21382897
  10. ↑ Estes NA, Halperin JL, Calkins H, Ezekowitz MD, Gitman P, Go AS et al. (2008) ACC/AHA/Physician Consortium 2008 clinical performance measures for adults with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures and the Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement (Writing Committee to Develop Clinical Performance Measures for Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 117 (8):1101-20. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.187192 PMID: 18283199

CME Category::Cardiology

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