Gestational diabetes maternal complications: Difference between revisions
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2]
Overview
Maternal complications of GDM can be categorized to obstetrical and long term glycemic status related complications.
Pre-eclampsia, polyhydramnios and difficult labor due to over weight baby are obstetrical complications. Risk of developing prediabetes or even overt diabetes is noticeable in GDM patients.
Maternal complications
Obstetrical complications
Pre-eclampsia
Women with GDM are at higher risk of developing pre-eclampsia.[1][2]
Polyhydramnios
GDM is associated with increased risk of polyhydramnios probably because of fetal polyuria.[3]
Difficult labor
Macrosomia is a fetal complication of GDM that may result in difficult labor, shoulder dystocia, brachial plexus injury and fractures.[4][5]
Long term complications
- Most women with GDM return to the normal glycemic status after delivery however, there is chance to develop impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose and overt diabetes over the subsequent five years.[6]
- Chronic complications of diabetes should be considered. Diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, cardiovascular complications and even DKA are important and may occur or develop during pregnancy.[7][8]
References
- ↑ Yogev Y, Xenakis EM, Langer O (2004). "The association between preeclampsia and the severity of gestational diabetes: the impact of glycemic control". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 191 (5): 1655–60. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.03.074. PMID 15547538.
- ↑ Yogev, Yogev, Yogev, Yogev, Yogev, Yogev, Yogev, Yogev, Yogev, Yogev, Yogev, Yogev, Yogev, Yogev, Yogev, Yogev (2010). "Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study: preeclampsia". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 202 (3): 255.e1–7. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2010.01.024. PMC 2836485. PMID 20207245.
- ↑ Casey BM, Lucas MJ, Mcintire DD, Leveno KJ (1997). "Pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes compared with the general obstetric population". Obstet Gynecol. 90 (6): 869–73. PMID 9397092.
- ↑ Lipscomb KR, Gregory K, Shaw K (1995). "The outcome of macrosomic infants weighing at least 4500 grams: Los Angeles County + University of Southern California experience". Obstet Gynecol. 85 (4): 558–64. doi:10.1016/0029-7844(95)00005-C. PMID 7898833.
- ↑ Bérard J, Dufour P, Vinatier D, Subtil D, Vanderstichèle S, Monnier JC, Puech F (1998). "Fetal macrosomia: risk factors and outcome. A study of the outcome concerning 100 cases >4500 g". Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 77 (1): 51–9. PMID 9550201.
- ↑ Kjos SL, Buchanan TA (1999). "Gestational diabetes mellitus". N. Engl. J. Med. 341 (23): 1749–56. doi:10.1056/NEJM199912023412307. PMID 10580075.
- ↑ Arun CS, Taylor R (2008). "Influence of pregnancy on long-term progression of retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes". Diabetologia. 51 (6): 1041–5. doi:10.1007/s00125-008-0994-z. PMID 18392803.
- ↑ Reece EA, Winn HN, Hayslett JP, Coulehan J, Wan M, Hobbins JC (1990). "Does pregnancy alter the rate of progression of diabetic nephropathy?". Am J Perinatol. 7 (2): 193–7. doi:10.1055/s-2007-999479. PMID 2331283.