Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis history and symptoms

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S. [2] Shivani Chaparala M.B.B.S [3]

Overview

• The main manifestations of peritonitis are acute abdominal pain, tenderness, and guarding, which are exacerbated by moving the peritoneum, e.g. coughing, flexing the hips, or eliciting the Blumberg sign (a.k.a. rebound tenderness, meaning that pressing a hand on the abdomen elicits pain, but releasing the hand abruptly will aggravate the pain, as the peritoneum snaps back into place)
• Symptoms include fevers, chills, nausea, vomiting, abdominal tenderness and general malaise.
• Patients may complain of abdominal pain and worsening ascites.
• It is important to emphasize, though, that hepatic encephalopathy may be the only manifestation of SBP, especially in people with cirrhosis and ascites.

History

A directed history should be obtained to ascertain the precipitant of this condition.

• A detailed history has to be obtained regarding:

• Previous episodes of SBP.

• Associated conditions as Portal Hypertension, Cirrhosis, Ascites, Variceal bleeding.

• Signs and symptoms of infection such as new-onset Fever (greater than 37.8°C or 100°F), abdominal pain, confusion, hepatic encephalopathy, metabolic acidosis, renal failure, hypotension, diarrhea, paralytic ileus, hypothermia, leukocytosis in a cirrhotic patient should prompt an evaluation of the ascitic fluid for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP).

• Any renal disease and/or heart disease.

• Onset of symptoms and their progression.

• Hospitalizations, Alcohol intake, Hepatitis.

• Invasive procedures, Instrumentation including history of Peritoneal Dialysis.

• Presence of B-symptoms such as night-sweats, malaise, weight loss.

• Immune-deficiencies like HIV.

• Use of PPI's and Beta-adrenergic antagonists.

• Family history of Liver disease.

Common Symptoms

Some of the common symptoms of SBP include:

• Fever

• Worsening of pre-existing ascites and progressive encephalopathy in a patient with cirrhotic ascites

• Diffuse, continuous Abdominal pain is the hallmark of peritonitis, although some may be asymptomatic.

• Altered mental status may manifest as frank delirium, confusion, or cognitive slowing.

• Diarrhea

• Development of ileus paralyticus (i.e. intestinal paralysis), which also causes nausea and vomiting

Less common symptoms of SBP

• Bloating

• Anorexia

• Obstipation

• Low urine output

• Thirst

• Fatigue

• Chills

• Dizziness or weakness

• Breathlessness may be due to infection, fluid overload or underlying [[heart condition]

• Joint pain

References

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