Pyelonephritis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Most risk factors of Pyelonephritis are similar to those for [[Cystitis]] | Most risk factors of Pyelonephritis are similar to those for [[Cystitis]] and [[Urethritis]], since they themselves predispose the individual to Pyelonephritis. Common risk factors in the development of pyelonephritis include renal [[calculi]], [[Urinary catheterization|urinary tract catheterization]], [[pregnancy]], [[diabetes mellitus]], and [[benign prostatic hyperplasia]].<ref name="pmid8672152">{{cite journal| author=Hooton TM, Scholes D, Hughes JP, Winter C, Roberts PL, Stapleton AE et al.| title=A prospective study of risk factors for symptomatic urinary tract infection in young women. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1996 | volume= 335 | issue= 7 | pages= 468-74 | pmid=8672152 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199608153350703 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8672152 }} </ref> | ||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
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===Mechanical/Anatomical=== | ===Mechanical/Anatomical=== | ||
Any structural abnormalities of the kidneys and the urinary tract can lead to abnormal accumulation of bacteria that can | Any structural abnormalities of the kidneys and the urinary tract can lead to abnormal accumulation of bacteria that can reach the renal [[parenchyma]] to cause pyelonephritis. | ||
*Kidney | *[[Kidney stones]] or [[Kidney stone|calculi]] | ||
*[[vesicoureteral reflux]] (VUR) | *[[vesicoureteral reflux]] (VUR) abnormal backward flow or reflux of urine, can occur post surgically | ||
*[[Posterior urethral valve]] | *[[Posterior urethral valves|Posterior urethral valve]] | ||
*[[pregnancy]] | *[[pregnancy]] | ||
*[[Urinary catheterization|urinary tract catheterization]] or stents | *[[Urinary catheterization|urinary tract catheterization]] or stents | ||
*drainage procedures (e.g. [[nephrostomy]]) | *drainage procedures (e.g. [[nephrostomy]]) | ||
*[[prostate]] disease (e.g. [[benign prostatic hyperplasia]]) in men | *[[prostate]] disease (e.g. [[benign prostatic hyperplasia]]) in men | ||
*[[Polycystic Kidney]] | *[[Polycystic kidney disease|Polycystic Kidney]] | ||
*Bladder neck obstruction | *Bladder neck obstruction | ||
*[[Horseshoe kidney]] | *[[Horseshoe kidney]] | ||
*Ureterocele | *[[Ureterocele]] | ||
*neuropathic bladder (e.g. | *neuropathic bladder (e.g. spinal cord damage, [[spina bifida]] or [[multiple sclerosis]]) | ||
*[[ | *[[Incontinence]] | ||
===Foreign Body=== | ===Foreign Body=== | ||
*Urinary catheters | *Urinary [[catheters]] | ||
*[[Calculus]] | *[[Calculus]] | ||
*Tumours | *[[Tumors|Tumours]] | ||
===Other Conditions=== | ===Other Conditions=== | ||
| Line 41: | Line 41: | ||
*[[Transplantation]] | *[[Transplantation]] | ||
*[[Pregnancy]] | *[[Pregnancy]] | ||
*[[HIV]] | *[[HIV]] | ||
*[[Chemotherapy]] | *[[Chemotherapy]] | ||
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*Genetic Predisposition | *Genetic Predisposition | ||
* Positive family history (close family members with frequent urination) | * Positive family history (close family members with frequent urination) | ||
* Young women | * Young women (reflecting sexual activity in that age group) | ||
* Infants and the elderly are also at increased risk, reflecting anatomical abnormalities and hormonal status.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Czaja CA, Scholes D, Hooton TM, Stamm WE |title=Population-based epidemiologic analysis of acute pyelonephritis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=273-80 |year=2007 |pmid=17599303 |doi=10.1086/519268}}</ref> | * Infants and the elderly are also at increased risk, reflecting anatomical abnormalities and hormonal status.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Czaja CA, Scholes D, Hooton TM, Stamm WE |title=Population-based epidemiologic analysis of acute pyelonephritis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=273-80 |year=2007 |pmid=17599303 |doi=10.1086/519268}}</ref> | ||
Revision as of 16:11, 31 January 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Usama Talib, BSc, MD [2]
Overview
Most risk factors of Pyelonephritis are similar to those for Cystitis and Urethritis, since they themselves predispose the individual to Pyelonephritis. Common risk factors in the development of pyelonephritis include renal calculi, urinary tract catheterization, pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, and benign prostatic hyperplasia.[1]
Risk Factors
Risk is increased in the following situations:[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]
Mechanical/Anatomical
Any structural abnormalities of the kidneys and the urinary tract can lead to abnormal accumulation of bacteria that can reach the renal parenchyma to cause pyelonephritis.
- Kidney stones or calculi
- vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) abnormal backward flow or reflux of urine, can occur post surgically
- Posterior urethral valve
- pregnancy
- urinary tract catheterization or stents
- drainage procedures (e.g. nephrostomy)
- prostate disease (e.g. benign prostatic hyperplasia) in men
- Polycystic Kidney
- Bladder neck obstruction
- Horseshoe kidney
- Ureterocele
- neuropathic bladder (e.g. spinal cord damage, spina bifida or multiple sclerosis)
- Incontinence
Foreign Body
Other Conditions
- Cystitis
- Urethritis
- Prostatitis
- Diabetes mellitus
- Immunocompromised states
- Sickle cell disease
- Transplantation
- Pregnancy
- HIV
- Chemotherapy
General risk factors
- change in sexual partner within the last year
- spermicide use
- Decreased expression of CXCR1 (a receptor for IL-8)
- Genetic Predisposition
- Positive family history (close family members with frequent urination)
- Young women (reflecting sexual activity in that age group)
- Infants and the elderly are also at increased risk, reflecting anatomical abnormalities and hormonal status.[10]
References
- ↑ Hooton TM, Scholes D, Hughes JP, Winter C, Roberts PL, Stapleton AE; et al. (1996). "A prospective study of risk factors for symptomatic urinary tract infection in young women". N Engl J Med. 335 (7): 468–74. doi:10.1056/NEJM199608153350703. PMID 8672152.
- ↑ Scholes D, Hooton TM, Roberts PL, Gupta K, Stapleton AE, Stamm WE (2005). "Risk factors associated with acute pyelonephritis in healthy women". Ann. Intern. Med. 142 (1): 20–7. PMID 15630106.
- ↑ Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC (2005). "Diagnosis and management of acute pyelonephritis in adults". Am Fam Physician. 71 (5): 933–42. PMID 15768623.
- ↑ Bergeron MG (1995). "Treatment of pyelonephritis in adults". Med Clin North Am. 79 (3): 619–49. PMID 7752732.
- ↑ Kawamoto A, Sato R, Takahashi K, Luthe SK (2016). "Iliopsoas abscess caused by chronic urolithiasis and pyelonephritis". BMJ Case Rep. 2016. doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-218541. PMID 27974344.
- ↑ Scholes D, Hooton TM, Roberts PL, Gupta K, Stapleton AE, Stamm WE (2005). "Risk factors associated with acute pyelonephritis in healthy women". Ann Intern Med. 142 (1): 20–7. PMC 3722605. PMID 15630106.
- ↑ Scholes D, Hooton TM, Roberts PL, Stapleton AE, Gupta K, Stamm WE (2000). "Risk factors for recurrent urinary tract infection in young women". J Infect Dis. 182 (4): 1177–82. doi:10.1086/315827. PMID 10979915.
- ↑ Scholes D, Hawn TR, Roberts PL, Li SS, Stapleton AE, Zhao LP; et al. (2010). "Family history and risk of recurrent cystitis and pyelonephritis in women". J Urol. 184 (2): 564–9. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2010.03.139. PMC 3665335. PMID 20639019.
- ↑ Lundstedt AC, Leijonhufvud I, Ragnarsdottir B, Karpman D, Andersson B, Svanborg C (2007). "Inherited susceptibility to acute pyelonephritis: a family study of urinary tract infection". J Infect Dis. 195 (8): 1227–34. doi:10.1086/512620. PMID 17357062.
- ↑ Czaja CA, Scholes D, Hooton TM, Stamm WE (2007). "Population-based epidemiologic analysis of acute pyelonephritis". Clin. Infect. Dis. 45 (3): 273–80. doi:10.1086/519268. PMID 17599303.