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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Cervicitis}}
{{Cervicitis}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Hilda}} {{PTD}}
''{{CMG}}''; {{AE}} {{Hilda}} {{PTD}}


==Overview==
==Overview==


Cervicitis is caused by infectious <ref name="pmid26586777">{{cite journal| author=Lusk MJ, Garden FL, Rawlinson WD, Naing ZW, Cumming RG, Konecny P| title=Cervicitis aetiology and case definition: a study in Australian women attending sexually transmitted infection clinics. | journal=Sex Transm Infect | year= 2016 | volume= 92 | issue= 3 | pages= 175-81 | pmid=26586777 | doi=10.1136/sextrans-2015-052332 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26586777  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19704398">{{cite journal| author=Gaydos C, Maldeis NE, Hardick A, Hardick J, Quinn TC| title=Mycoplasma genitalium as a contributor to the multiple etiologies of cervicitis in women attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year= 2009 | volume= 36 | issue= 10 | pages= 598-606 | pmid=19704398 | doi=10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181b01948 | pmc=2924808 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19704398  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22902666">{{cite journal| author=Mobley VL, Hobbs MM, Lau K, Weinbaum BS, Getman DK, Seña AC| title=Mycoplasma genitalium infection in women attending a sexually transmitted infection clinic: diagnostic specimen type, coinfections, and predictors. | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year= 2012 | volume= 39 | issue= 9 | pages= 706-9 | pmid=22902666 | doi=10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318255de03 | pmc=3428747 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22902666  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27212873">{{cite journal| author=Ona S, Molina RL, Diouf K| title=Mycoplasma genitalium: An Overlooked Sexually Transmitted Pathogen in Women? | journal=Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol | year= 2016 | volume= 2016 | issue=  | pages= 4513089 | pmid=27212873 | doi=10.1155/2016/4513089 | pmc=4860244 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27212873  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18192786">{{cite journal| author=Lusk MJ, Konecny P| title=Cervicitis: a review. | journal=Curr Opin Infect Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 21 | issue= 1 | pages= 49-55 | pmid=18192786 | doi=10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282f3d988 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18192786  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17342663">{{cite journal| author=Marrazzo JM, Martin DH| title=Management of women with cervicitis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2007 | volume= 44 Suppl 3 | issue=  | pages= S102-10 | pmid=17342663 | doi=10.1086/511423 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17342663  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16533338">{{cite journal| author=Korte JE, Baseman JB, Cagle MP, Herrera C, Piper JM, Holden AE et al.| title=Cervicitis and genitourinary symptoms in women culture positive for Mycoplasma genitalium. | journal=Am J Reprod Immunol | year= 2006 | volume= 55 | issue= 4 | pages= 265-75 | pmid=16533338 | doi=10.1111/j.1600-0897.2005.00359.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16533338  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25732256">{{cite journal| author=Hezarjaribi HZ, Fakhar M, Shokri A, Teshnizi SH, Sadough A, Taghavi M| title=Trichomonas vaginalis infection among Iranian general population of women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal=Parasitol Res | year= 2015 | volume= 114 | issue= 4 | pages= 1291-300 | pmid=25732256 | doi=10.1007/s00436-015-4393-3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25732256  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1411834">{{cite journal| author=Nugent RP, Hillier SL| title=Mucopurulent cervicitis as a predictor of chlamydial infection and adverse pregnancy outcome. The Investigators of the Johns Hopkins Study of Cervicitis and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome. | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year= 1992 | volume= 19 | issue= 4 | pages= 198-202 | pmid=1411834 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1411834  }} </ref><ref name="pmid806017">{{cite journal| author=Eschenbach DA, Buchanan TM, Pollock HM, Forsyth PS, Alexander ER, Lin JS et al.| title=Polymicrobial etiology of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1975 | volume= 293 | issue= 4 | pages= 166-71 | pmid=806017 | doi=10.1056/NEJM197507242930403 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=806017  }} </ref>
Cervicitis is caused by [[infectious]] <ref name="pmid26586777">{{cite journal| author=Lusk MJ, Garden FL, Rawlinson WD, Naing ZW, Cumming RG, Konecny P| title=Cervicitis aetiology and case definition: a study in Australian women attending sexually transmitted infection clinics. | journal=Sex Transm Infect | year= 2016 | volume= 92 | issue= 3 | pages= 175-81 | pmid=26586777 | doi=10.1136/sextrans-2015-052332 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26586777  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19704398">{{cite journal| author=Gaydos C, Maldeis NE, Hardick A, Hardick J, Quinn TC| title=Mycoplasma genitalium as a contributor to the multiple etiologies of cervicitis in women attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year= 2009 | volume= 36 | issue= 10 | pages= 598-606 | pmid=19704398 | doi=10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181b01948 | pmc=2924808 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19704398  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22902666">{{cite journal| author=Mobley VL, Hobbs MM, Lau K, Weinbaum BS, Getman DK, Seña AC| title=Mycoplasma genitalium infection in women attending a sexually transmitted infection clinic: diagnostic specimen type, coinfections, and predictors. | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year= 2012 | volume= 39 | issue= 9 | pages= 706-9 | pmid=22902666 | doi=10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318255de03 | pmc=3428747 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22902666  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27212873">{{cite journal| author=Ona S, Molina RL, Diouf K| title=Mycoplasma genitalium: An Overlooked Sexually Transmitted Pathogen in Women? | journal=Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol | year= 2016 | volume= 2016 | issue=  | pages= 4513089 | pmid=27212873 | doi=10.1155/2016/4513089 | pmc=4860244 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27212873  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18192786">{{cite journal| author=Lusk MJ, Konecny P| title=Cervicitis: a review. | journal=Curr Opin Infect Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 21 | issue= 1 | pages= 49-55 | pmid=18192786 | doi=10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282f3d988 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18192786  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17342663">{{cite journal| author=Marrazzo JM, Martin DH| title=Management of women with cervicitis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2007 | volume= 44 Suppl 3 | issue=  | pages= S102-10 | pmid=17342663 | doi=10.1086/511423 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17342663  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16533338">{{cite journal| author=Korte JE, Baseman JB, Cagle MP, Herrera C, Piper JM, Holden AE et al.| title=Cervicitis and genitourinary symptoms in women culture positive for Mycoplasma genitalium. | journal=Am J Reprod Immunol | year= 2006 | volume= 55 | issue= 4 | pages= 265-75 | pmid=16533338 | doi=10.1111/j.1600-0897.2005.00359.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16533338  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25732256">{{cite journal| author=Hezarjaribi HZ, Fakhar M, Shokri A, Teshnizi SH, Sadough A, Taghavi M| title=Trichomonas vaginalis infection among Iranian general population of women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal=Parasitol Res | year= 2015 | volume= 114 | issue= 4 | pages= 1291-300 | pmid=25732256 | doi=10.1007/s00436-015-4393-3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25732256  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1411834">{{cite journal| author=Nugent RP, Hillier SL| title=Mucopurulent cervicitis as a predictor of chlamydial infection and adverse pregnancy outcome. The Investigators of the Johns Hopkins Study of Cervicitis and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome. | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year= 1992 | volume= 19 | issue= 4 | pages= 198-202 | pmid=1411834 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1411834  }} </ref><ref name="pmid806017">{{cite journal| author=Eschenbach DA, Buchanan TM, Pollock HM, Forsyth PS, Alexander ER, Lin JS et al.| title=Polymicrobial etiology of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1975 | volume= 293 | issue= 4 | pages= 166-71 | pmid=806017 | doi=10.1056/NEJM197507242930403 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=806017  }} </ref> and non-infectious causes. The [[infectious]] causes are most commonly caused by [[chlamydia]] and [[gonorrhea]], with [[chlamydia]] accounting for the majority of cases. [[Trichomonas vaginalis|''Trichomonas vaginalis'']] and [[herpes simplex]] are less common causes of cervicitis. Non-infectious causes of cervicitis include: [[intrauterine devices]], contraceptive diaphragms, and allergic reactions to [[Spermicide|spermicides]] or [[latex]] [[condoms]].
and non infectious causes. The infectious causes are most commonly caused by [[chlamydia]] and [[gonorrhea]], with chlamydia accounting for the majority of cases. [[Trichomonas vaginalis]] and [[herpes simplex]] are less common causes of cervicitis. Non-infectious causes of cervicitis include: [[intrauterine devices]], contraceptive diaphragms, and allergic reactions to [[spermicides]] or latex [[condoms]]


==Causes==
==Causes==


Cervicitis may be caused by infectious and non-infectious causes.
Cervicitis may be caused by [[infectious]] and non-infectious causes.


===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===


The most common cause of infectious cervicitis are by Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that include:<ref name="pmid26586777">{{cite journal| author=Lusk MJ, Garden FL, Rawlinson WD, Naing ZW, Cumming RG, Konecny P| title=Cervicitis aetiology and case definition: a study in Australian women attending sexually transmitted infection clinics. | journal=Sex Transm Infect | year= 2016 | volume= 92 | issue= 3 | pages= 175-81 | pmid=26586777 | doi=10.1136/sextrans-2015-052332 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26586777  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19704398">{{cite journal| author=Gaydos C, Maldeis NE, Hardick A, Hardick J, Quinn TC| title=Mycoplasma genitalium as a contributor to the multiple etiologies of cervicitis in women attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year= 2009 | volume= 36 | issue= 10 | pages= 598-606 | pmid=19704398 | doi=10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181b01948 | pmc=2924808 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19704398  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22902666">{{cite journal| author=Mobley VL, Hobbs MM, Lau K, Weinbaum BS, Getman DK, Seña AC| title=Mycoplasma genitalium infection in women attending a sexually transmitted infection clinic: diagnostic specimen type, coinfections, and predictors. | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year= 2012 | volume= 39 | issue= 9 | pages= 706-9 | pmid=22902666 | doi=10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318255de03 | pmc=3428747 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22902666  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27212873">{{cite journal| author=Ona S, Molina RL, Diouf K| title=Mycoplasma genitalium: An Overlooked Sexually Transmitted Pathogen in Women? | journal=Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol | year= 2016 | volume= 2016 | issue=  | pages= 4513089 | pmid=27212873 | doi=10.1155/2016/4513089 | pmc=4860244 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27212873  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18192786">{{cite journal| author=Lusk MJ, Konecny P| title=Cervicitis: a review. | journal=Curr Opin Infect Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 21 | issue= 1 | pages= 49-55 | pmid=18192786 | doi=10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282f3d988 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18192786  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17342663">{{cite journal| author=Marrazzo JM, Martin DH| title=Management of women with cervicitis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2007 | volume= 44 Suppl 3 | issue=  | pages= S102-10 | pmid=17342663 | doi=10.1086/511423 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17342663  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16533338">{{cite journal| author=Korte JE, Baseman JB, Cagle MP, Herrera C, Piper JM, Holden AE et al.| title=Cervicitis and genitourinary symptoms in women culture positive for Mycoplasma genitalium. | journal=Am J Reprod Immunol | year= 2006 | volume= 55 | issue= 4 | pages= 265-75 | pmid=16533338 | doi=10.1111/j.1600-0897.2005.00359.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16533338  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25732256">{{cite journal| author=Hezarjaribi HZ, Fakhar M, Shokri A, Teshnizi SH, Sadough A, Taghavi M| title=Trichomonas vaginalis infection among Iranian general population of women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal=Parasitol Res | year= 2015 | volume= 114 | issue= 4 | pages= 1291-300 | pmid=25732256 | doi=10.1007/s00436-015-4393-3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25732256  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1411834">{{cite journal| author=Nugent RP, Hillier SL| title=Mucopurulent cervicitis as a predictor of chlamydial infection and adverse pregnancy outcome. The Investigators of the Johns Hopkins Study of Cervicitis and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome. | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year= 1992 | volume= 19 | issue= 4 | pages= 198-202 | pmid=1411834 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1411834  }} </ref><ref name="pmid806017">{{cite journal| author=Eschenbach DA, Buchanan TM, Pollock HM, Forsyth PS, Alexander ER, Lin JS et al.| title=Polymicrobial etiology of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1975 | volume= 293 | issue= 4 | pages= 166-71 | pmid=806017 | doi=10.1056/NEJM197507242930403 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=806017  }} </ref>
The most common causes of [[infectious]] cervicitis are [[sexually transmitted infections]] (STIs) that include:<ref name="pmid26586777">{{cite journal| author=Lusk MJ, Garden FL, Rawlinson WD, Naing ZW, Cumming RG, Konecny P| title=Cervicitis aetiology and case definition: a study in Australian women attending sexually transmitted infection clinics. | journal=Sex Transm Infect | year= 2016 | volume= 92 | issue= 3 | pages= 175-81 | pmid=26586777 | doi=10.1136/sextrans-2015-052332 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26586777  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19704398">{{cite journal| author=Gaydos C, Maldeis NE, Hardick A, Hardick J, Quinn TC| title=Mycoplasma genitalium as a contributor to the multiple etiologies of cervicitis in women attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year= 2009 | volume= 36 | issue= 10 | pages= 598-606 | pmid=19704398 | doi=10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181b01948 | pmc=2924808 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19704398  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22902666">{{cite journal| author=Mobley VL, Hobbs MM, Lau K, Weinbaum BS, Getman DK, Seña AC| title=Mycoplasma genitalium infection in women attending a sexually transmitted infection clinic: diagnostic specimen type, coinfections, and predictors. | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year= 2012 | volume= 39 | issue= 9 | pages= 706-9 | pmid=22902666 | doi=10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318255de03 | pmc=3428747 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22902666  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27212873">{{cite journal| author=Ona S, Molina RL, Diouf K| title=Mycoplasma genitalium: An Overlooked Sexually Transmitted Pathogen in Women? | journal=Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol | year= 2016 | volume= 2016 | issue=  | pages= 4513089 | pmid=27212873 | doi=10.1155/2016/4513089 | pmc=4860244 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27212873  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18192786">{{cite journal| author=Lusk MJ, Konecny P| title=Cervicitis: a review. | journal=Curr Opin Infect Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 21 | issue= 1 | pages= 49-55 | pmid=18192786 | doi=10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282f3d988 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18192786  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17342663">{{cite journal| author=Marrazzo JM, Martin DH| title=Management of women with cervicitis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2007 | volume= 44 Suppl 3 | issue=  | pages= S102-10 | pmid=17342663 | doi=10.1086/511423 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17342663  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16533338">{{cite journal| author=Korte JE, Baseman JB, Cagle MP, Herrera C, Piper JM, Holden AE et al.| title=Cervicitis and genitourinary symptoms in women culture positive for Mycoplasma genitalium. | journal=Am J Reprod Immunol | year= 2006 | volume= 55 | issue= 4 | pages= 265-75 | pmid=16533338 | doi=10.1111/j.1600-0897.2005.00359.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16533338  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25732256">{{cite journal| author=Hezarjaribi HZ, Fakhar M, Shokri A, Teshnizi SH, Sadough A, Taghavi M| title=Trichomonas vaginalis infection among Iranian general population of women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal=Parasitol Res | year= 2015 | volume= 114 | issue= 4 | pages= 1291-300 | pmid=25732256 | doi=10.1007/s00436-015-4393-3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25732256  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1411834">{{cite journal| author=Nugent RP, Hillier SL| title=Mucopurulent cervicitis as a predictor of chlamydial infection and adverse pregnancy outcome. The Investigators of the Johns Hopkins Study of Cervicitis and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome. | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year= 1992 | volume= 19 | issue= 4 | pages= 198-202 | pmid=1411834 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1411834  }} </ref><ref name="pmid806017">{{cite journal| author=Eschenbach DA, Buchanan TM, Pollock HM, Forsyth PS, Alexander ER, Lin JS et al.| title=Polymicrobial etiology of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1975 | volume= 293 | issue= 4 | pages= 166-71 | pmid=806017 | doi=10.1056/NEJM197507242930403 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=806017  }} </ref>


*[[Chlamydia trachomatis]]
*[[Chlamydia trachomatis|''Chlamydia trachomatis'']]
*[[Gonorrhea]]
*[[Gonorrhea]]
*Herpes Simplex virus (genital herpes) mostly type 2
*[[Herpes simplex virus]] ([[genital herpes]]) mostly type 2
*[[Human papilloma virus]] (genital warts)
*[[Human papillomavirus]] ([[genital warts]])
*[[Mycoplasma genitalium]]
*[[Trichomoniasis]]
*[[Trichomoniasis]]
*Mycoplasma genitalium


Non-infectious causes of cervicitis include:
Non-infectious causes of cervicitis include:
*local trauma to the cervix


*[[Behcet's syndrome]]
*[[Behcet's syndrome]]
Line 33: Line 30:
*Contraceptive creams
*Contraceptive creams


*Contraceptive diaphragm
*[[Diaphragm (contraceptive)|Contraceptive diaphragm]]


*[[Foreign bodies]]
*[[Foreign bodies]]


*[[Intrauterine device]]
*[[Intrauterine device]]
*Local [[trauma]] to the cervix


*[[Latex condom]]
*[[Latex condom]]

Revision as of 17:26, 27 February 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hilda Mahmoudi M.D., M.P.H.[2] Prince Tano Djan, BSc, MBChB [3]

Overview

Cervicitis is caused by infectious [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] and non-infectious causes. The infectious causes are most commonly caused by chlamydia and gonorrhea, with chlamydia accounting for the majority of cases. Trichomonas vaginalis and herpes simplex are less common causes of cervicitis. Non-infectious causes of cervicitis include: intrauterine devices, contraceptive diaphragms, and allergic reactions to spermicides or latex condoms.

Causes

Cervicitis may be caused by infectious and non-infectious causes.

Common Causes

The most common causes of infectious cervicitis are sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that include:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]

Non-infectious causes of cervicitis include:

  • Contraceptive creams
  • Spermicides

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical / poisoning No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Bacterial vaginosis, chlamydia trachomatis, fungi, herpes simplex virus, human papilloma virus, mycoplasma genitalium, neisseria gonorrhoeae, parasites, streptococci group A, trichomonas vaginalis, tuberculosis, viruses
Musculoskeletal / Ortho No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric / Gynecologic Nabothian cyst
Oncologic Malignancy
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Behcet's syndrome, contraceptive creams, latex condom, reactive arthritis, Reiter's Disease, spermicides, systemic inflammatory diseases
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Cervical cap, contraceptive diaphragm, intrauterine device, pessary, surgical instruments, tampon
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Foreign bodies, radiation therapy, vaginal douches

Causes in Alphabetical Order

  • Contraceptive creams
  • Contraceptive diaphragm
  • Spermicides
  • Systemic inflammatory diseases
  • Vaginal douches

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lusk MJ, Garden FL, Rawlinson WD, Naing ZW, Cumming RG, Konecny P (2016). "Cervicitis aetiology and case definition: a study in Australian women attending sexually transmitted infection clinics". Sex Transm Infect. 92 (3): 175–81. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2015-052332. PMID 26586777.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Gaydos C, Maldeis NE, Hardick A, Hardick J, Quinn TC (2009). "Mycoplasma genitalium as a contributor to the multiple etiologies of cervicitis in women attending sexually transmitted disease clinics". Sex Transm Dis. 36 (10): 598–606. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181b01948. PMC 2924808. PMID 19704398.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Mobley VL, Hobbs MM, Lau K, Weinbaum BS, Getman DK, Seña AC (2012). "Mycoplasma genitalium infection in women attending a sexually transmitted infection clinic: diagnostic specimen type, coinfections, and predictors". Sex Transm Dis. 39 (9): 706–9. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318255de03. PMC 3428747. PMID 22902666.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Ona S, Molina RL, Diouf K (2016). "Mycoplasma genitalium: An Overlooked Sexually Transmitted Pathogen in Women?". Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2016: 4513089. doi:10.1155/2016/4513089. PMC 4860244. PMID 27212873.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lusk MJ, Konecny P (2008). "Cervicitis: a review". Curr Opin Infect Dis. 21 (1): 49–55. doi:10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282f3d988. PMID 18192786.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Marrazzo JM, Martin DH (2007). "Management of women with cervicitis". Clin Infect Dis. 44 Suppl 3: S102–10. doi:10.1086/511423. PMID 17342663.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Korte JE, Baseman JB, Cagle MP, Herrera C, Piper JM, Holden AE; et al. (2006). "Cervicitis and genitourinary symptoms in women culture positive for Mycoplasma genitalium". Am J Reprod Immunol. 55 (4): 265–75. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.2005.00359.x. PMID 16533338.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Hezarjaribi HZ, Fakhar M, Shokri A, Teshnizi SH, Sadough A, Taghavi M (2015). "Trichomonas vaginalis infection among Iranian general population of women: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Parasitol Res. 114 (4): 1291–300. doi:10.1007/s00436-015-4393-3. PMID 25732256.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Nugent RP, Hillier SL (1992). "Mucopurulent cervicitis as a predictor of chlamydial infection and adverse pregnancy outcome. The Investigators of the Johns Hopkins Study of Cervicitis and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome". Sex Transm Dis. 19 (4): 198–202. PMID 1411834.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Eschenbach DA, Buchanan TM, Pollock HM, Forsyth PS, Alexander ER, Lin JS; et al. (1975). "Polymicrobial etiology of acute pelvic inflammatory disease". N Engl J Med. 293 (4): 166–71. doi:10.1056/NEJM197507242930403. PMID 806017.


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