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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Common causes of vitamin D deficiency are inadequate vitamin D skin production, less dietary vitamin D intake and impaired absorption. Other causes of vitamin D deficiency include vitamin D loss, abnormal metabolism, resistance to vitamin D and medication. | Common causes of vitamin D deficiency are inadequate vitamin D skin production, less dietary vitamin D intake and impaired absorption. Other causes of vitamin D deficiency include vitamin D loss, abnormal metabolism, resistance to vitamin D and medication. <ref name="pmid23790560">{{cite journal| author=Hossein-nezhad A, Holick MF| title=Vitamin D for health: a global perspective. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2013 | volume= 88 | issue= 7 | pages= 720-55 | pmid=23790560 | doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.05.011 | pmc=3761874 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23790560 }} </ref> | ||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
Vitamin D deficiency may be caused by: | Vitamin D deficiency may be caused by: <ref name="pmid23790560">{{cite journal| author=Hossein-nezhad A, Holick MF| title=Vitamin D for health: a global perspective. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2013 | volume= 88 | issue= 7 | pages= 720-55 | pmid=23790560 | doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.05.011 | pmc=3761874 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23790560 }} </ref> | ||
* Inadequate vitamin D skin production | * Inadequate vitamin D skin production | ||
* Inadequate vitamin D dietary intake | * Inadequate vitamin D dietary intake | ||
| Line 18: | Line 18: | ||
* Antiepileptic medication <ref name="pmid15123008">{{cite journal| author=Pack AM, Morrell MJ| title=Epilepsy and bone health in adults. | journal=Epilepsy Behav | year= 2004 | volume= 5 Suppl 2 | issue= | pages= S24-9 | pmid=15123008 | doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2003.11.029 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15123008 }} </ref> | * Antiepileptic medication <ref name="pmid15123008">{{cite journal| author=Pack AM, Morrell MJ| title=Epilepsy and bone health in adults. | journal=Epilepsy Behav | year= 2004 | volume= 5 Suppl 2 | issue= | pages= S24-9 | pmid=15123008 | doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2003.11.029 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15123008 }} </ref> | ||
* Glucocorticoid <ref name="pmid16691293">{{cite journal| author=Zhou C, Assem M, Tay JC, Watkins PB, Blumberg B, Schuetz EG et al.| title=Steroid and xenobiotic receptor and vitamin D receptor crosstalk mediates CYP24 expression and drug-induced osteomalacia. | journal=J Clin Invest | year= 2006 | volume= 116 | issue= 6 | pages= 1703-12 | pmid=16691293 | doi=10.1172/JCI27793 | pmc=1459072 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16691293 }} </ref> | * Glucocorticoid <ref name="pmid16691293">{{cite journal| author=Zhou C, Assem M, Tay JC, Watkins PB, Blumberg B, Schuetz EG et al.| title=Steroid and xenobiotic receptor and vitamin D receptor crosstalk mediates CYP24 expression and drug-induced osteomalacia. | journal=J Clin Invest | year= 2006 | volume= 116 | issue= 6 | pages= 1703-12 | pmid=16691293 | doi=10.1172/JCI27793 | pmc=1459072 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16691293 }} </ref> | ||
* Inadequate sun exposure including dark skin and clothing | * Inadequate sun exposure including dark skin and clothing <ref name="pmid22525849">{{cite journal| author=Holick MF| title=Vitamin D: extraskeletal health. | journal=Rheum Dis Clin North Am | year= 2012 | volume= 38 | issue= 1 | pages= 141-60 | pmid=22525849 | doi=10.1016/j.rdc.2012.03.013 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22525849 }} </ref> | ||
* Inadequate vitamin D dietary intake | * Inadequate vitamin D dietary intake | ||
===Less common cause=== | ===Less common cause=== | ||
| Line 160: | Line 160: | ||
===Causes in alphabetical order=== | ===Causes in alphabetical order=== | ||
{{columns-list|3| | {{columns-list|3| | ||
* | * Autosomal-dominant hypophosphatemic rickets | ||
* | * Carbamazepine | ||
* | * Celiac disease | ||
* | * Chronic kidney disease | ||
* | * Crohn disease | ||
* | * Cystic fibrosis | ||
* | * Glucocorticoid | ||
* | * Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) | ||
* | * Hyperthyroidism | ||
* | * Impaired enterohepatic circulation | ||
* Inadequate sun exposure | |||
* Inadequate vitamin D dietary intake | |||
* Nephrotic syndrome | |||
* Phenobarbital | |||
* Phenytoin | |||
* Post gastric bypass surgery | |||
* Primary hyperparathyroidism | |||
* Primidone | |||
* Rifampin | |||
* Sarcoidosis | |||
* Severe liver failure | |||
* Short bowel syndrome | |||
* St John's wort | |||
* Tuberculosis | |||
* Type I hereditary vitamin D–dependent rickets | |||
* Type II hereditary vitamin D–dependent rickets | |||
* Valproate | |||
* Vitamin D-resistant rickets | |||
* Whipple disease | |||
* X-linked familial hypophosphatemia | |||
}} | }} | ||
Revision as of 20:14, 25 August 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[2]
Overview
Common causes of vitamin D deficiency are inadequate vitamin D skin production, less dietary vitamin D intake and impaired absorption. Other causes of vitamin D deficiency include vitamin D loss, abnormal metabolism, resistance to vitamin D and medication. [1]
Causes
Vitamin D deficiency may be caused by: [1]
- Inadequate vitamin D skin production
- Inadequate vitamin D dietary intake
- Vitamin D loss
- Malabsorption
- Impaired metabolism
- Resistance to Vitamin D
- Medication
Common causes
- Antiepileptic medication [2]
- Glucocorticoid [3]
- Inadequate sun exposure including dark skin and clothing [4]
- Inadequate vitamin D dietary intake
Less common cause
- Autosomal-dominant hypophosphatemic rickets
- Celiac disease
- Chronic kidney disease: impaired renal 1α-hydroxylation [5]
- Crohn disease [6][7]
- Cystic fibrosis
- Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
- Hyperthyroidism
- Impaired enterohepatic circulation
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Post gastric bypass surgery
- Primary hyperparathyroidism
- Rifampin
- Sarcoidosis
- Severe liver failure: impaired hepatic 25-hydroxylation
- Short bowel syndrome
- St John's wort
- Tuberculosis
- Type I hereditary vitamin D–dependent rickets
- Type II hereditary vitamin D–dependent rickets
- Vitamin D-resistant rickets
- Whipple disease
- X-linked familial hypophosphatemia
Causes by organ system
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | No underlying causes |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | No underlying causes |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
| Infectious Disease | No underlying causes |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | No underlying causes |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | No underlying causes |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | No underlying causes |
Causes in alphabetical order
The unnamed parameter 2= is no longer supported. Please see the documentation for {{columns-list}}.
3References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hossein-nezhad A, Holick MF (2013). "Vitamin D for health: a global perspective". Mayo Clin Proc. 88 (7): 720–55. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.05.011. PMC 3761874. PMID 23790560.
- ↑ Pack AM, Morrell MJ (2004). "Epilepsy and bone health in adults". Epilepsy Behav. 5 Suppl 2: S24–9. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2003.11.029. PMID 15123008.
- ↑ Zhou C, Assem M, Tay JC, Watkins PB, Blumberg B, Schuetz EG; et al. (2006). "Steroid and xenobiotic receptor and vitamin D receptor crosstalk mediates CYP24 expression and drug-induced osteomalacia". J Clin Invest. 116 (6): 1703–12. doi:10.1172/JCI27793. PMC 1459072. PMID 16691293.
- ↑ Holick MF (2012). "Vitamin D: extraskeletal health". Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 38 (1): 141–60. doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2012.03.013. PMID 22525849.
- ↑ Ali FN, Arguelles LM, Langman CB, Price HE (2009). "Vitamin D deficiency in children with chronic kidney disease: uncovering an epidemic". Pediatrics. 123 (3): 791–6. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-0634. PMID 19255004.
- ↑ Pappa HM, Gordon CM, Saslowsky TM, Zholudev A, Horr B, Shih MC; et al. (2006). "Vitamin D status in children and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease". Pediatrics. 118 (5): 1950–61. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0841. PMC 3205440. PMID 17079566.
- ↑ Lo CW, Paris PW, Clemens TL, Nolan J, Holick MF (1985). "Vitamin D absorption in healthy subjects and in patients with intestinal malabsorption syndromes". Am J Clin Nutr. 42 (4): 644–9. PMID 4050723.