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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Common causes of vitamin D deficiency are inadequate vitamin D skin production, less dietary vitamin D intake and impaired absorption. Other causes of vitamin D deficiency include vitamin D loss, abnormal metabolism, resistance to vitamin D and medication. <ref name="pmid23790560">{{cite journal| author=Hossein-nezhad A, Holick MF| title=Vitamin D for health: a global perspective. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2013 | volume= 88 | issue= 7 | pages= 720-55 | pmid=23790560 | doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.05.011 | pmc=3761874 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23790560 }} </ref> | Common causes of [[vitamin D]] deficiency are inadequate [[vitamin D]] skin production, less dietary [[vitamin D]] intake and impaired absorption. Other causes of [[vitamin D]] deficiency include [[vitamin D]] loss, abnormal metabolism, resistance to [[vitamin D]] and medication. <ref name="pmid23790560">{{cite journal| author=Hossein-nezhad A, Holick MF| title=Vitamin D for health: a global perspective. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2013 | volume= 88 | issue= 7 | pages= 720-55 | pmid=23790560 | doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.05.011 | pmc=3761874 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23790560 }} </ref> | ||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
Vitamin D deficiency may be caused by: <ref name="pmid23790560">{{cite journal| author=Hossein-nezhad A, Holick MF| title=Vitamin D for health: a global perspective. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2013 | volume= 88 | issue= 7 | pages= 720-55 | pmid=23790560 | doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.05.011 | pmc=3761874 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23790560 }} </ref> | [[Vitamin D]] deficiency may be caused by: <ref name="pmid23790560">{{cite journal| author=Hossein-nezhad A, Holick MF| title=Vitamin D for health: a global perspective. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2013 | volume= 88 | issue= 7 | pages= 720-55 | pmid=23790560 | doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.05.011 | pmc=3761874 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23790560 }} </ref> | ||
* Inadequate vitamin D skin production | * Inadequate [[vitamin D]] skin production | ||
* Inadequate vitamin D dietary intake | * Inadequate [[vitamin D]] dietary intake | ||
* Vitamin D loss | * [[Vitamin D]] loss | ||
* Malabsorption | * [[Malabsorption]] | ||
* Impaired metabolism | * Impaired metabolism | ||
* Resistance to Vitamin D | * Resistance to [[Vitamin D]] | ||
* Medication | * Medication | ||
===Common causes=== | ===Common causes=== | ||
* Antiepileptic medication <ref name="pmid15123008">{{cite journal| author=Pack AM, Morrell MJ| title=Epilepsy and bone health in adults. | journal=Epilepsy Behav | year= 2004 | volume= 5 Suppl 2 | issue= | pages= S24-9 | pmid=15123008 | doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2003.11.029 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15123008 }} </ref> | * [[Antiepileptic]] medication <ref name="pmid15123008">{{cite journal| author=Pack AM, Morrell MJ| title=Epilepsy and bone health in adults. | journal=Epilepsy Behav | year= 2004 | volume= 5 Suppl 2 | issue= | pages= S24-9 | pmid=15123008 | doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2003.11.029 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15123008 }} </ref> | ||
* Glucocorticoid <ref name="pmid16691293">{{cite journal| author=Zhou C, Assem M, Tay JC, Watkins PB, Blumberg B, Schuetz EG et al.| title=Steroid and xenobiotic receptor and vitamin D receptor crosstalk mediates CYP24 expression and drug-induced osteomalacia. | journal=J Clin Invest | year= 2006 | volume= 116 | issue= 6 | pages= 1703-12 | pmid=16691293 | doi=10.1172/JCI27793 | pmc=1459072 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16691293 }} </ref> | * [[Glucocorticoid]] <ref name="pmid16691293">{{cite journal| author=Zhou C, Assem M, Tay JC, Watkins PB, Blumberg B, Schuetz EG et al.| title=Steroid and xenobiotic receptor and vitamin D receptor crosstalk mediates CYP24 expression and drug-induced osteomalacia. | journal=J Clin Invest | year= 2006 | volume= 116 | issue= 6 | pages= 1703-12 | pmid=16691293 | doi=10.1172/JCI27793 | pmc=1459072 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16691293 }} </ref> | ||
* Inadequate sun exposure including dark skin <ref name="pmid10566638">{{cite journal| author=Kyriakidou-Himonas M, Aloia JF, Yeh JK| title=Vitamin D supplementation in postmenopausal black women. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 1999 | volume= 84 | issue= 11 | pages= 3988-90 | pmid=10566638 | doi=10.1210/jcem.84.11.6132 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10566638 }} </ref> and clothing <ref name="pmid22525849">{{cite journal| author=Holick MF| title=Vitamin D: extraskeletal health. | journal=Rheum Dis Clin North Am | year= 2012 | volume= 38 | issue= 1 | pages= 141-60 | pmid=22525849 | doi=10.1016/j.rdc.2012.03.013 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22525849 }} </ref> | * Inadequate sun exposure including dark skin <ref name="pmid10566638">{{cite journal| author=Kyriakidou-Himonas M, Aloia JF, Yeh JK| title=Vitamin D supplementation in postmenopausal black women. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 1999 | volume= 84 | issue= 11 | pages= 3988-90 | pmid=10566638 | doi=10.1210/jcem.84.11.6132 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10566638 }} </ref> and clothing <ref name="pmid22525849">{{cite journal| author=Holick MF| title=Vitamin D: extraskeletal health. | journal=Rheum Dis Clin North Am | year= 2012 | volume= 38 | issue= 1 | pages= 141-60 | pmid=22525849 | doi=10.1016/j.rdc.2012.03.013 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22525849 }} </ref> | ||
* Inadequate vitamin D dietary intake | * Inadequate [[vitamin D]] dietary intake | ||
===Less common cause=== | ===Less common cause=== | ||
* Autosomal-dominant hypophosphatemic rickets | * [[Autosomal-dominant hypophosphatemic rickets]] | ||
* Celiac disease | * [[Celiac disease]] | ||
* Chronic kidney disease: impaired renal 1α-hydroxylation <ref name="pmid19255004">{{cite journal| author=Ali FN, Arguelles LM, Langman CB, Price HE| title=Vitamin D deficiency in children with chronic kidney disease: uncovering an epidemic. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2009 | volume= 123 | issue= 3 | pages= 791-6 | pmid=19255004 | doi=10.1542/peds.2008-0634 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19255004 }} </ref> | * [[Chronic kidney disease]]: impaired renal [[1α-hydroxylation]] <ref name="pmid19255004">{{cite journal| author=Ali FN, Arguelles LM, Langman CB, Price HE| title=Vitamin D deficiency in children with chronic kidney disease: uncovering an epidemic. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2009 | volume= 123 | issue= 3 | pages= 791-6 | pmid=19255004 | doi=10.1542/peds.2008-0634 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19255004 }} </ref> | ||
* Crohn disease <ref name="pmid17079566">{{cite journal| author=Pappa HM, Gordon CM, Saslowsky TM, Zholudev A, Horr B, Shih MC et al.| title=Vitamin D status in children and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2006 | volume= 118 | issue= 5 | pages= 1950-61 | pmid=17079566 | doi=10.1542/peds.2006-0841 | pmc=3205440 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17079566 }} </ref><ref name="pmid4050723">{{cite journal| author=Lo CW, Paris PW, Clemens TL, Nolan J, Holick MF| title=Vitamin D absorption in healthy subjects and in patients with intestinal malabsorption syndromes. | journal=Am J Clin Nutr | year= 1985 | volume= 42 | issue= 4 | pages= 644-9 | pmid=4050723 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4050723 }} </ref> | * [[Crohn disease]] <ref name="pmid17079566">{{cite journal| author=Pappa HM, Gordon CM, Saslowsky TM, Zholudev A, Horr B, Shih MC et al.| title=Vitamin D status in children and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2006 | volume= 118 | issue= 5 | pages= 1950-61 | pmid=17079566 | doi=10.1542/peds.2006-0841 | pmc=3205440 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17079566 }} </ref><ref name="pmid4050723">{{cite journal| author=Lo CW, Paris PW, Clemens TL, Nolan J, Holick MF| title=Vitamin D absorption in healthy subjects and in patients with intestinal malabsorption syndromes. | journal=Am J Clin Nutr | year= 1985 | volume= 42 | issue= 4 | pages= 644-9 | pmid=4050723 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4050723 }} </ref> | ||
* Cystic fibrosis | * [[Cystic fibrosis]] | ||
* Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) | * [[Highly active antiretroviral therapy]] ([[HAART]]) | ||
* Hyperthyroidism | * [[Hyperthyroidism]] | ||
* Impaired enterohepatic circulation | * Impaired [[enterohepatic circulation]] | ||
* Nephrotic syndrome | * [[Nephrotic syndrome]] | ||
* Post gastric bypass surgery | * Post [[gastric bypass surgery]] | ||
* Primary hyperparathyroidism | * [[Primary hyperparathyroidism]] | ||
* Rifampin | * [[Rifampin]] | ||
* Sarcoidosis | * [[Sarcoidosis]] | ||
* Severe liver failure: impaired hepatic 25-hydroxylation | * Severe [[liver failure]]: impaired [[hepatic 25-hydroxylation]] | ||
* Short bowel syndrome | * [[Short bowel syndrome]] | ||
* St John's wort | * [[St John's wort]] | ||
* Tuberculosis | * [[Tuberculosis]] | ||
* Type I hereditary vitamin D–dependent rickets | * [[Type I hereditary vitamin D–dependent rickets]] | ||
* Type II hereditary vitamin D–dependent rickets | * [[Type II hereditary vitamin D–dependent rickets]] | ||
* Vitamin D-resistant rickets | * [[Vitamin D-resistant rickets]] | ||
* Whipple disease | * [[Whipple disease]] | ||
* X-linked familial hypophosphatemia | * [[X-linked familial hypophosphatemia]] | ||
===Causes by organ system=== | ===Causes by organ system=== | ||
Revision as of 22:20, 25 August 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[2]
Overview
Common causes of vitamin D deficiency are inadequate vitamin D skin production, less dietary vitamin D intake and impaired absorption. Other causes of vitamin D deficiency include vitamin D loss, abnormal metabolism, resistance to vitamin D and medication. [1]
Causes
Vitamin D deficiency may be caused by: [1]
- Inadequate vitamin D skin production
- Inadequate vitamin D dietary intake
- Vitamin D loss
- Malabsorption
- Impaired metabolism
- Resistance to Vitamin D
- Medication
Common causes
- Antiepileptic medication [2]
- Glucocorticoid [3]
- Inadequate sun exposure including dark skin [4] and clothing [5]
- Inadequate vitamin D dietary intake
Less common cause
- Autosomal-dominant hypophosphatemic rickets
- Celiac disease
- Chronic kidney disease: impaired renal 1α-hydroxylation [6]
- Crohn disease [7][8]
- Cystic fibrosis
- Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
- Hyperthyroidism
- Impaired enterohepatic circulation
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Post gastric bypass surgery
- Primary hyperparathyroidism
- Rifampin
- Sarcoidosis
- Severe liver failure: impaired hepatic 25-hydroxylation
- Short bowel syndrome
- St John's wort
- Tuberculosis
- Type I hereditary vitamin D–dependent rickets
- Type II hereditary vitamin D–dependent rickets
- Vitamin D-resistant rickets
- Whipple disease
- X-linked familial hypophosphatemia
Causes by organ system
Causes in alphabetical order
The unnamed parameter 2= is no longer supported. Please see the documentation for {{columns-list}}.
3References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hossein-nezhad A, Holick MF (2013). "Vitamin D for health: a global perspective". Mayo Clin Proc. 88 (7): 720–55. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.05.011. PMC 3761874. PMID 23790560.
- ↑ Pack AM, Morrell MJ (2004). "Epilepsy and bone health in adults". Epilepsy Behav. 5 Suppl 2: S24–9. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2003.11.029. PMID 15123008.
- ↑ Zhou C, Assem M, Tay JC, Watkins PB, Blumberg B, Schuetz EG; et al. (2006). "Steroid and xenobiotic receptor and vitamin D receptor crosstalk mediates CYP24 expression and drug-induced osteomalacia". J Clin Invest. 116 (6): 1703–12. doi:10.1172/JCI27793. PMC 1459072. PMID 16691293.
- ↑ Kyriakidou-Himonas M, Aloia JF, Yeh JK (1999). "Vitamin D supplementation in postmenopausal black women". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 84 (11): 3988–90. doi:10.1210/jcem.84.11.6132. PMID 10566638.
- ↑ Holick MF (2012). "Vitamin D: extraskeletal health". Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 38 (1): 141–60. doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2012.03.013. PMID 22525849.
- ↑ Ali FN, Arguelles LM, Langman CB, Price HE (2009). "Vitamin D deficiency in children with chronic kidney disease: uncovering an epidemic". Pediatrics. 123 (3): 791–6. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-0634. PMID 19255004.
- ↑ Pappa HM, Gordon CM, Saslowsky TM, Zholudev A, Horr B, Shih MC; et al. (2006). "Vitamin D status in children and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease". Pediatrics. 118 (5): 1950–61. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0841. PMC 3205440. PMID 17079566.
- ↑ Lo CW, Paris PW, Clemens TL, Nolan J, Holick MF (1985). "Vitamin D absorption in healthy subjects and in patients with intestinal malabsorption syndromes". Am J Clin Nutr. 42 (4): 644–9. PMID 4050723.