Goiter natural history, complications and prognosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].

OR

Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

OR

Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Natural History

• Slow growth of the nodules is observed in benign goiter.
• Quick growth and large size of goiter causing compressive symptoms(dysphagia, hoarseness and dyspnoea) may be suggestive of thyroid cancer.

Complications

• Common complications of Goiter include:
  • Complications related to enlarged gland
  • Complications related to thyroidectomy

• Complications related to enlarged gland:
  • Tracheal obstruction → airway obstruction
  • Secondary thyrotoxicosis
  • Malignant transformation

• Complications related to thyroidectomy:
  • Haemorrhage
  • Respiratory obstruction
  • Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy
  • Thyroid storm
  • Thyroid insufficiency
  • Parathyroid insufficiency
  • Wound infection
  • Hypertrophic scar
  • Keloids

Prognosis

• Prognosis is generally good for benign goiters.
• Although the prognosis is good and the risk is low, caution is advised for the possible development of malignancy.
• Careful monitoring of size, shape and consistency associated with pain is advised.
• Radiation exposure has been attributed to the possible development of malignancy.