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|Usually cinacalcet or surgery in those that don't respond. | |Usually cinacalcet or surgery in those that don't respond. | ||
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=Epidemiology PE & DVT= | |||
===Incidence=== | |||
The incidence of VTE increases with age, ranging from less than 5 cases per 100,000 people in childhood to 500 cases per 100,000 people in the elderly.<ref name="pmid12814979">{{cite journal |author=White RH |title=The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism |journal=Circulation |volume=107 |issue=23 Suppl 1 |pages=I4–8 |year=2003 |month=June |pmid=12814979 |doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000078468.11849.66 |url=}}</ref> Subjects who are more than 65 years of age are at three times higher risk for VTE compared to those who are 45-54 years old.<ref name="pmid15210384">{{cite journal| author=Cushman M, Tsai AW, White RH, Heckbert SR, Rosamond WD, Enright P et al.| title=Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in two cohorts: the longitudinal investigation of thromboembolism etiology. | journal=Am J Med | year= 2004 | volume= 117 | issue= 1 | pages= 19-25 | pmid=15210384 | doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.01.018 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15210384 }} </ref> | |||
===Age=== | |||
The incidence of VTE increases with age, ranging from less than 5 cases per 100,000 people in childhood to 500 cases per 100,000 people in the elderly.<ref name="pmid12814979">{{cite journal |author=White RH |title=The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism |journal=Circulation |volume=107 |issue=23 Suppl 1 |pages=I4–8 |year=2003 |month=June |pmid=12814979 |doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000078468.11849.66 |url=}}</ref> Subjects who are more than 65 years of age are at three times higher risk for VTE compared to those who are 45-54 years old.<ref name="pmid15210384">{{cite journal| author=Cushman M, Tsai AW, White RH, Heckbert SR, Rosamond WD, Enright P et al.| title=Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in two cohorts: the longitudinal investigation of thromboembolism etiology. | journal=Am J Med | year= 2004 | volume= 117 | issue= 1 | pages= 19-25 | pmid=15210384 | doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.01.018 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15210384 }} </ref> | |||
===Gender=== | |||
Studies about differences in the incidence of VTE by gender have mixed results. While some reported a higher incidence of DVT among young females,<ref name="pmid9521222">{{cite journal |author=Silverstein MD, Heit JA, Mohr DN, Petterson TM, O'Fallon WM, Melton LJ |title=Trends in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a 25-year population-based study |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=158 |issue=6 |pages=585–93 |year=1998 |month=March |pmid=9521222 |doi= |url=}}</ref> others reported it among either older females,<ref name="pmid8154949">{{cite journal |author=Kniffin WD, Baron JA, Barrett J, Birkmeyer JD, Anderson FA |title=The epidemiology of diagnosed pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis in the elderly |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=154 |issue=8 |pages=861–6 |year=1994 |month=April |pmid=8154949 |doi= |url=}}</ref> or in men.<ref name="pmid15210384">{{cite journal |author=Cushman M, Tsai AW, White RH, ''et al.'' |title=Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in two cohorts: the longitudinal investigation of thromboembolism etiology |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=117 |issue=1 |pages=19–25 |year=2004 |month=July |pmid=15210384 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.01.018 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlVenous Thromboembolism in Adult Hospitalizations — United States, 2007–2009">{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6122a1.htm?s_cid=mm6122a1_w |title=Venous Thromboembolism in Adult Hospitalizations — United States, 2007–2009 |format= |work= |accessdate=2012-10-06}}</ref> In addition, the risk for DVT was reported to consistently increase with age across both genders.<ref name="pmid15210384">{{cite journal |author=Cushman M, Tsai AW, White RH, ''et al.'' |title=Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in two cohorts: the longitudinal investigation of thromboembolism etiology |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=117 |issue=1 |pages=19–25 |year=2004 |month=July |pmid=15210384 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.01.018 |url=}}</ref> |
Revision as of 15:33, 12 October 2017
Hyperparathyroidism Microchapters |
Diagnosis |
---|
Treatment |
Case Studies |
Sandbox : anmol On the Web |
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Sandbox : anmol |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anmol Pitliya, M.B.B.S. M.D.[2]
Classification
Classification of hyperparathyridism | |||
---|---|---|---|
Features | Primary hyperparathyroidism | Secondary hyperparathyroidism | Tertiary hyperparathyroidism |
Pathology | Hyperfunction of parathyroid cells due to hyperplasia, adenoma or carcinoma. | Physiological stimulation of parathyroid in response to hypocalcaemia. | Following long term physiological stimulation leading to hyperplasia. |
Cause | |||
Associations | May be associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia. | Usually due to chronic renal failure or other causes of Vitamin D deficiency. | Seen in chronic renal failure. |
Serum calcium | High | Low/Normal | High |
Serum phosphate | Low/Normal | High | High |
Management | Usually surgery if symptomatic. Cincacalcet can be considered in those not fit for surgery. | Treatment of underlying cause. | Usually cinacalcet or surgery in those that don't respond. |
Epidemiology PE & DVT
Incidence
The incidence of VTE increases with age, ranging from less than 5 cases per 100,000 people in childhood to 500 cases per 100,000 people in the elderly.[1] Subjects who are more than 65 years of age are at three times higher risk for VTE compared to those who are 45-54 years old.[2]
Age
The incidence of VTE increases with age, ranging from less than 5 cases per 100,000 people in childhood to 500 cases per 100,000 people in the elderly.[1] Subjects who are more than 65 years of age are at three times higher risk for VTE compared to those who are 45-54 years old.[2]
Gender
Studies about differences in the incidence of VTE by gender have mixed results. While some reported a higher incidence of DVT among young females,[3] others reported it among either older females,[4] or in men.[2][5] In addition, the risk for DVT was reported to consistently increase with age across both genders.[2]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 White RH (2003). "The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism". Circulation. 107 (23 Suppl 1): I4–8. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000078468.11849.66. PMID 12814979. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Cushman M, Tsai AW, White RH, Heckbert SR, Rosamond WD, Enright P; et al. (2004). "Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in two cohorts: the longitudinal investigation of thromboembolism etiology". Am J Med. 117 (1): 19–25. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.01.018. PMID 15210384.
- ↑ Silverstein MD, Heit JA, Mohr DN, Petterson TM, O'Fallon WM, Melton LJ (1998). "Trends in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a 25-year population-based study". Arch. Intern. Med. 158 (6): 585–93. PMID 9521222. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Kniffin WD, Baron JA, Barrett J, Birkmeyer JD, Anderson FA (1994). "The epidemiology of diagnosed pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis in the elderly". Arch. Intern. Med. 154 (8): 861–6. PMID 8154949. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ "Venous Thromboembolism in Adult Hospitalizations — United States, 2007–2009". Retrieved 2012-10-06.