|
|
| Line 11: |
Line 11: |
| ===Common Causes=== | | ===Common Causes=== |
| Common causes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBS) include: | | Common causes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBS) include: |
| * Emotional disturbance or stress<ref name="pmid27492916">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bharucha AE, Chakraborty S, Sletten CD |title=Common Functional Gastroenterological Disorders Associated With Abdominal Pain |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=91 |issue=8 |pages=1118–32 |year=2016 |pmid=27492916 |pmc=4985027 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.06.003 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26674980">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ibrahim NK |title=A systematic review of the prevalence and risk factors of irritable bowel syndrome among medical students |journal=Turk J Gastroenterol |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=10–6 |year=2016 |pmid=26674980 |doi=10.5152/tjg.2015.150333 |url=}}</ref>
| | ** |
| * Adverse early life events<ref name="pmid27492916">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bharucha AE, Chakraborty S, Sletten CD |title=Common Functional Gastroenterological Disorders Associated With Abdominal Pain |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=91 |issue=8 |pages=1118–32 |year=2016 |pmid=27492916 |pmc=4985027 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.06.003 |url=}}</ref>
| | * Alteration of gut [[Gut flora|microflora]]<ref name="pmid27621567">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gallo A, Passaro G, Gasbarrini A, Landolfi R, Montalto M |title=Modulation of microbiota as treatment for intestinal inflammatory disorders: An uptodate |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=22 |issue=32 |pages=7186–202 |year=2016 |pmid=27621567 |pmc=4997632 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v22.i32.7186 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25394236">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shreiner AB, Kao JY, Young VB |title=The gut microbiome in health and in disease |journal=Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=69–75 |year=2015 |pmid=25394236 |pmc=4290017 |doi=10.1097/MOG.0000000000000139 |url=}}</ref> |
| * [[Anxiety]], [[depression]]<ref name="pmid25339801">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qin HY, Cheng CW, Tang XD, Bian ZX |title=Impact of psychological stress on irritable bowel syndrome |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=39 |pages=14126–31 |year=2014 |pmid=25339801 |pmc=4202343 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i39.14126 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24876725">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hausteiner-Wiehle C, Henningsen P |title=Irritable bowel syndrome: relations with functional, mental, and somatoform disorders |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=20 |pages=6024–30 |year=2014 |pmid=24876725 |pmc=4033442 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i20.6024 |url=}}</ref>
| |
| * History of acute GI [[Infection|infections]] such as:
| |
| ** [[Salmonella]] infection | |
| ** [[Giardiasis]]<ref name="pmid27598274">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ibarra C, Herrera V, Pérez de Arce E, Gil LC, Madrid AM, Valenzuela L, Beltrán CJ |title=[Parasitosis and irritable bowel syndrome] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Rev Chilena Infectol |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=268–74 |year=2016 |pmid=27598274 |doi=10.4067/S0716-10182016000300003 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24379622">{{cite journal |vauthors=Halliez MC, Buret AG |title=Extra-intestinal and long term consequences of Giardia duodenalis infections |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=19 |issue=47 |pages=8974–85 |year=2013 |pmid=24379622 |pmc=3870550 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i47.8974 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26900116">{{cite journal |vauthors=Giddings SL, Stevens AM, Leung DT |title=Traveler's Diarrhea |journal=Med. Clin. North Am. |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=317–30 |year=2016 |pmid=26900116 |pmc=4764790 |doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.08.017 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25416162">{{cite journal |vauthors=Keithlin J, Sargeant J, Thomas MK, Fazil A |title=Systematic review and meta-analysis of the proportion of Campylobacter cases that develop chronic sequelae |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=14 |issue= |pages=1203 |year=2014 |pmid=25416162 |pmc=4391665 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-14-1203 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24604037">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grover M |title=Role of gut pathogens in development of irritable bowel syndrome |journal=Indian J. Med. Res. |volume=139 |issue=1 |pages=11–8 |year=2014 |pmid=24604037 |pmc=3994726 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24404780">{{cite journal |vauthors=Keithlin J, Sargeant J, Thomas MK, Fazil A |title=Chronic sequelae of E. coli O157: systematic review and meta-analysis of the proportion of E. coli O157 cases that develop chronic sequelae |journal=Foodborne Pathog. Dis. |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=79–95 |year=2014 |pmid=24404780 |pmc=3925333 |doi=10.1089/fpd.2013.1572 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23992573">{{cite journal |vauthors=Connor BA, Riddle MS |title=Post-infectious sequelae of travelers' diarrhea |journal=J Travel Med |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=303–12 |year=2013 |pmid=23992573 |doi=10.1111/jtm.12049 |url=}}</ref> | |
| * [[Antibiotic]] use causing alteration of gut [[Gut flora|microflora]]<ref name="pmid27621567">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gallo A, Passaro G, Gasbarrini A, Landolfi R, Montalto M |title=Modulation of microbiota as treatment for intestinal inflammatory disorders: An uptodate |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=22 |issue=32 |pages=7186–202 |year=2016 |pmid=27621567 |pmc=4997632 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v22.i32.7186 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25394236">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shreiner AB, Kao JY, Young VB |title=The gut microbiome in health and in disease |journal=Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=69–75 |year=2015 |pmid=25394236 |pmc=4290017 |doi=10.1097/MOG.0000000000000139 |url=}}</ref>
| |
| * History of gastrointestinal disorders like [[Inflammatory bowel disease|IBD]]<ref name="pmid28058009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ceuleers H, Van Spaendonk H, Hanning N, Heirbaut J, Lambeir AM, Joossens J, Augustyns K, De Man JG, De Meester I, De Winter BY |title=Visceral hypersensitivity in inflammatory bowel diseases and irritable bowel syndrome: The role of proteases |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=22 |issue=47 |pages=10275–10286 |year=2016 |pmid=28058009 |pmc=5175241 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v22.i47.10275 |url=}}</ref>
| |
| * [[Immune-mediated disease|Immune]] causes:
| |
| ** History of [[Inflammatory bowel disease|IBD]]
| |
| ** [[Celiac disease]]
| |
| ** Microscopic colitis<ref name="pmid24296462">{{cite journal |vauthors=Major G, Spiller R |title=Irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease and the microbiome |journal=Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=15–21 |year=2014 |pmid=24296462 |pmc=3871405 |doi=10.1097/MED.0000000000000032 |url=}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Less Common Causes=== | | ===Less Common Causes=== |
| Less common causes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBS) include: | | Less common causes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBS) include: |
| *[[Genetics]]<ref name="pmid26525775">{{cite journal |vauthors=Makker J, Chilimuri S, Bella JN |title=Genetic epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=21 |issue=40 |pages=11353–61 |year=2015 |pmid=26525775 |pmc=4616211 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v21.i40.11353 |url=}}</ref> | | *[[Genetics]]<ref name="pmid26525775">{{cite journal |vauthors=Makker J, Chilimuri S, Bella JN |title=Genetic epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=21 |issue=40 |pages=11353–61 |year=2015 |pmid=26525775 |pmc=4616211 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v21.i40.11353 |url=}}</ref> |
| *[[Hormone|Hormonal]] changes:<ref name="pmid24627581">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mulak A, Taché Y, Larauche M |title=Sex hormones in the modulation of irritable bowel syndrome |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=2433–48 |year=2014 |pmid=24627581 |pmc=3949254 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i10.2433 |url=}}</ref>
| |
| **
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Genetic Causes=== | | ===Genetic Causes=== |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
There is no definite cause that has been established for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, many factors contribute to the development of IBS such as emotional disturbances, stress, adverse early life events, history of inflammatory bowel disease, and acute gastrointestinal infections. Less common causes of IBS include genetics and hormonal changes.
Causes
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) results from a complex interaction among multiple factors. These may include psychological, epidemiological, genetic, and infectious factors. To review these factors in detail, click here.
Common Causes
Common causes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBS) include:
Less Common Causes
Less common causes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBS) include:
Genetic Causes
Genetic causes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBS) include:[3]
- Other genes such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and genes coding for superfamily member 15 (TNFSF15) are also involved.
- SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) in genes play an important role in host-microbiota interaction (TLR9, IL-6 and CDH1), immune activation, and epithelial barriers.
- Genes involved in the regulation of hepatic bile acid synthesis such as a functional Klothoβ gene variant are mutated in IBS patients.
- Genome wide DNA methylation profiling is different in IBS patients, especially involving genes linked to neuropeptide hormone function and oxidative stress.
References
Template:WH
Template:WS