Upper gastrointestinal bleeding causes: Difference between revisions
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*Gastric erosions/gastropathy <ref name="pmid20871188">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaviani MJ, Pirastehfar M, Azari A, Saberifiroozi M |title=Etiology and outcome of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a study from South of Iran |journal=Saudi J Gastroenterol |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=253–9 |year=2010 |pmid=20871188 |pmc=2995092 |doi=10.4103/1319-3767.70608 |url=}}</ref> | *Gastric erosions/gastropathy <ref name="pmid20871188">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaviani MJ, Pirastehfar M, Azari A, Saberifiroozi M |title=Etiology and outcome of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a study from South of Iran |journal=Saudi J Gastroenterol |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=253–9 |year=2010 |pmid=20871188 |pmc=2995092 |doi=10.4103/1319-3767.70608 |url=}}</ref> | ||
** Acute erosive gastritis caused by [[drugs]], [[radiation]], [[infection]], or direct trauma. | ** Acute erosive gastritis caused by [[drugs]], [[radiation]], [[infection]], or direct trauma. | ||
** Reactive gastropathy may be due to bile reflux, particularly after partial gastrectomy. | ** Reactive gastropathy may be due to bile reflux, particularly after partial [[gastrectomy]]. | ||
** Portal hypertensive gastropathy, which results in increased friability of gastric mucosa in patients with cirrhosis.<ref name="pmid4078920">{{cite journal |vauthors=Davidson AT |title=Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: causes and treatment |journal=J Natl Med Assoc |volume=77 |issue=11 |pages=944–5 |year=1985 |pmid=4078920 |pmc=2571206 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18346679">{{cite journal |vauthors=van Leerdam ME |title=Epidemiology of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=209–24 |year=2008 |pmid=18346679 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2007.10.011 |url=}}</ref> | ** Portal hypertensive gastropathy, which results in increased friability of gastric mucosa in patients with [[cirrhosis]].<ref name="pmid4078920">{{cite journal |vauthors=Davidson AT |title=Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: causes and treatment |journal=J Natl Med Assoc |volume=77 |issue=11 |pages=944–5 |year=1985 |pmid=4078920 |pmc=2571206 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18346679">{{cite journal |vauthors=van Leerdam ME |title=Epidemiology of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=209–24 |year=2008 |pmid=18346679 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2007.10.011 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Dieulafoy lesions | *Dieulafoy lesions | ||
**Dilated aberrant submucosal vessels that erode the overlying epithelium in the absence of an ulcer | **Dilated aberrant submucosal vessels that erode the overlying epithelium in the absence of an [[ulcer]] | ||
*[[Gastric varices]] | *[[Gastric varices]] | ||
*[[Gastric antral vascular ectasia]] | *[[Gastric antral vascular ectasia]] | ||
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*Aortoenteric fistulas | *Aortoenteric fistulas | ||
**Most commonly involves the lower [[duodenum]]. | **Most commonly involves the lower [[duodenum]]. | ||
**Common causes include [[Aortic aneurysm|aortic aneurysms]] or prosthetic vascular grafts, [[syphilis]] and [[tuberculosis]]. | **Common causes include [[Aortic aneurysm|aortic aneurysms]] or prosthetic [[Grafts|vascular grafts]], [[syphilis]] and [[tuberculosis]]. | ||
*[[Crohn's disease]] involving the upper gastrointestinal tract | *[[Crohn's disease]] involving the [[upper gastrointestinal tract]] | ||
*[[Malignancy|Metastatic malignancy]] involving the upper gastrointestinal tract, such as [[melanoma]] or [[renal cell carcinoma]]. | *[[Malignancy|Metastatic malignancy]] involving the [[Upper gastrointestinal tract|upper gastrointestinal tract,]] such as [[melanoma]] or [[renal cell carcinoma]]. | ||
*[[Hemosuccus pancreaticus]] | *[[Hemosuccus pancreaticus]] | ||
**Pancreatic inflammation or cancer may result in bleeding into the [[pancreatic duct]], which connects to the [[duodenum]]. | **Pancreatic inflammation or cancer may result in bleeding into the [[pancreatic duct]], which connects to the [[duodenum]]. | ||
Revision as of 19:42, 3 November 2017
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Upper gastrointestinal bleeding Microchapters |
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Differentiating Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding from other Diseases |
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Diagnosis |
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Upper gastrointestinal bleeding causes On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Upper gastrointestinal bleeding causes |
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Directions to Hospitals Treating Upper gastrointestinal bleeding |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Upper gastrointestinal bleeding causes |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2]
Overview
There are many causes for upper GI hemorrhage. Causes are usually anatomically divided into their location in the upper gastrointestinal tract, which could either be esophageal (for example esophageal varices) or gastric (an example is gastric ulcer) or duodenal e.g. duodenal ulcer. Patients are also usually stratified into having either variceal or non-variceal sources of upper GI hemorrhage, as the two have different treatment algorithms and prognosis. Other causes could be from infectious diseases, medication side effects, trauma or malignancy e.t.c.
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Common Causes
- Duodenal ulcer[1][2][3]
- Esophagitis
- Esophageal varices
- Gastric tumors
- Gastric ulcer
- Gastritis
- Mallory-Weiss syndrome
- Peptic ulcer
Less common causes
- Neoplasms
- Esophagitis
- Gastric erosions/gastropathy [4]
- Dieulafoy lesions
- Dilated aberrant submucosal vessels that erode the overlying epithelium in the absence of an ulcer
- Gastric varices
- Gastric antral vascular ectasia
- Dilated gastric vessels of unknown etiology that cause chronic UGIB and iron-deficiency anemia
Rare causes
- Bleeding from the hepatobiliary tract
- Aortoenteric fistulas
- Most commonly involves the lower duodenum.
- Common causes include aortic aneurysms or prosthetic vascular grafts, syphilis and tuberculosis.
- Crohn's disease involving the upper gastrointestinal tract
- Metastatic malignancy involving the upper gastrointestinal tract, such as melanoma or renal cell carcinoma.
- Hemosuccus pancreaticus
- Pancreatic inflammation or cancer may result in bleeding into the pancreatic duct, which connects to the duodenum.
Causes by Organ System
Causes in Alphabetical Order
References
- ↑ Drini M (2017). "Peptic ulcer disease and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs". Aust Prescr. 40 (3): 91–93. doi:10.18773/austprescr.2017.037. PMC 5478398. PMID 28798512.
- ↑ Pilotto A, Franceschi M, Leandro G, Paris F, Niro V, Longo MG, D'Ambrosio LP, Andriulli A, Di Mario F (2003). "The risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in elderly users of aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: the role of gastroprotective drugs". Aging Clin Exp Res. 15 (6): 494–9. PMID 14959953.
- ↑ Hreinsson JP, Kalaitzakis E, Gudmundsson S, Björnsson ES (2013). "Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: incidence, etiology and outcomes in a population-based setting". Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 48 (4): 439–47. doi:10.3109/00365521.2012.763174. PMC 3613943. PMID 23356751.
- ↑ Kaviani MJ, Pirastehfar M, Azari A, Saberifiroozi M (2010). "Etiology and outcome of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a study from South of Iran". Saudi J Gastroenterol. 16 (4): 253–9. doi:10.4103/1319-3767.70608. PMC 2995092. PMID 20871188.
- ↑ Davidson AT (1985). "Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: causes and treatment". J Natl Med Assoc. 77 (11): 944–5. PMC 2571206. PMID 4078920.
- ↑ van Leerdam ME (2008). "Epidemiology of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 22 (2): 209–24. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2007.10.011. PMID 18346679.