Umbilical hernia pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The pathophysiology of umbilical hernia involves the weakness of abdominal fascia or failure to fully form the fascia which may lead to an umbilical hernia in the newborn. During the fifth to tenth weeks of gestation, the intestinal tract undergoes rapid growth with protrusion of the abdominal content outside the abdominal cavity. This is followed by a gradual re-entry of the abdominal cavity and then the narrowing of the umbilical ring which completes the process of abdominal wall formation. | The [[pathophysiology]] of umbilical hernia involves the weakness of [[Abdomen|abdominal]] [[fascia]] or failure to fully form the [[fascia]] which may lead to an umbilical hernia in the [[Infant|newborn]]. During the fifth to tenth weeks of [[gestation]], the [[Intestine|intestinal]] tract undergoes rapid growth with protrusion of the [[Abdomen|abdominal]] content outside the [[Abdomen|abdominal]] cavity. This is followed by a gradual re-entry of the [[Abdomen|abdominal]] cavity and then the narrowing of the umbilical ring which completes the process of [[Abdomen|abdominal]] wall formation. | ||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
The pathophysiology of umbilical hernia is as follows:<ref name="urlHernia, Umbilical - PubMed - NCBI">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29083594 |title=Hernia, Umbilical - PubMed - NCBI |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlHernia, Pediatric Umbilical - PubMed - NCBI">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29083740 |title=Hernia, Pediatric Umbilical - PubMed - NCBI |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | The pathophysiology of umbilical hernia is as follows:<ref name="urlHernia, Umbilical - PubMed - NCBI">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29083594 |title=Hernia, Umbilical - PubMed - NCBI |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlHernia, Pediatric Umbilical - PubMed - NCBI">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29083740 |title=Hernia, Pediatric Umbilical - PubMed - NCBI |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
*During fetal development, the abdominal wall is formed by four separate embryologic folds: | *During [[Fetus|fetal]] development, the [[Abdomen|abdominal]] wall is formed by four separate [[Embryology|embryologic]] folds: | ||
**Cephalic | **[[Cephalic disorder|Cephalic]] | ||
**Caudal | **[[Anatomical terms of location|Caudal]] | ||
**Right and left lateral | **Right and left lateral | ||
*Each fold is composed of somatic and splanchnic layers. | *Each fold is composed of [[somatic]] and [[splanchnic]] layers. | ||
**The folds develop towards the anterior center portion of the coelomic cavity ( | **The folds develop towards the anterior center portion of the coelomic cavity (derived from [[mesoderm]] in humans) and ultimately join to form a large [[umbilical]] ring that surrounds the following structures: | ||
***Two umbilical arteries | ***Two [[Umbilical artery|umbilical arteries]] | ||
***Umbilical vein | ***[[Umbilical vein]] | ||
***Yolk sac (omphalomesenteric duct) | ***[[Yolk sac]] ([[Vitelline duct|omphalomesenteric]] duct) | ||
**These structures are enclosed by the outer layer of amnion. | **These structures are enclosed by the outer layer of amnion. | ||
*During the time between fifth and tenth weeks of gestation, the intestinal tract undergoes rapid growth with protrusion of the abdominal content outside the abdominal cavity. | *During the time between fifth and tenth weeks of [[gestation]], the intestinal tract undergoes rapid growth with protrusion of the [[Abdomen|abdominal]] content outside the [[Abdomen|abdominal]] cavity. | ||
*This is followed by a gradual re-entry of the abdominal cavity and then the ultimate narrowing of the umbilical ring which completes the process of abdominal wall formation as fetal development concludes. | *This is followed by a gradual re-entry of the [[Abdomen|abdominal]] cavity and then the ultimate narrowing of the [[umbilical]] ring which completes the process of [[Abdomen|abdominal]] wall formation as fetal development concludes. | ||
*Weak fascia or failure to fully form the fascia may predispose the newborn to an umbilical hernia. | *Weak [[fascia]] or failure to fully form the [[fascia]] may predispose the [[Infant|newborn]] to an umbilical hernia. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 00:03, 27 January 2018
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hamid Qazi, MD, BSc [2]
Overview
The pathophysiology of umbilical hernia involves the weakness of abdominal fascia or failure to fully form the fascia which may lead to an umbilical hernia in the newborn. During the fifth to tenth weeks of gestation, the intestinal tract undergoes rapid growth with protrusion of the abdominal content outside the abdominal cavity. This is followed by a gradual re-entry of the abdominal cavity and then the narrowing of the umbilical ring which completes the process of abdominal wall formation.
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of umbilical hernia is as follows:[1][2]
- During fetal development, the abdominal wall is formed by four separate embryologic folds:
- Each fold is composed of somatic and splanchnic layers.
- During the time between fifth and tenth weeks of gestation, the intestinal tract undergoes rapid growth with protrusion of the abdominal content outside the abdominal cavity.
- This is followed by a gradual re-entry of the abdominal cavity and then the ultimate narrowing of the umbilical ring which completes the process of abdominal wall formation as fetal development concludes.
- Weak fascia or failure to fully form the fascia may predispose the newborn to an umbilical hernia.