Oral cancer causes: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older editNewer edit →
VisualWikitext
Sargun Walia (talk | contribs)
nocaptcha
1,008 edits
Sargun Walia (talk | contribs)
nocaptcha
1,008 edits
Line 15: Line 15:
*** Oral submucous fibrosis - very common in Indian subcontinent
*** Oral submucous fibrosis - very common in Indian subcontinent
*** [[actinic cheilitis]]  
*** [[actinic cheilitis]]  
<gallery widths="200px">
HomogenousLeukoplakia.jpg |Homogenous leukoplakia in the floor of the mouth in a smoker. Biopsy showed hyperkeratosis.
Leukoplakia.jpg |Clinically, a leukoplakia on left buccal mucosa. However, the biopsy showed early squamous cell carcinoma. The lesion is suspicious because of the presence of nodules.
</gallery>


===Tobacco===
* Tobacco
In a study of Europeans, [[smoking]] and other [[tobacco]] use was associated with about 75 percent of oral cancer cases, caused by irritation of the mucous membranes of the mouth from smoke and heat of cigarettes, cigars, and pipes. Tobacco contains over 60 known carcinogens, and the combustion of it, and by-products from this process, is the primary mode of involvement. Use of chewing tobacco or snuff causes irritation from direct contact with the mucous membranes. Tobacco use in any form by itself, and even more so in combination with heavy [[alcohol]] consumption, continues to be an important risk factor for oral cancer. However, due to the current trends in the spread of HPV 16, as of early 2011 the virus is now considered the primary causative factor in 63% of newly diagnosed patients.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Wikipedia Oral cancer causes| url =http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/alcohol/alcohol-fact-sheet }}</ref>
** 75% cases of oral cancers occur due to tobacco.
===Alcohol===
** It causes irritation of mucous membrane in the mouth.
[[Alcohol]] consumption is a major risk factor for certain [[head]] and [[neck]] cancers, particularly cancers of the oral cavity (excluding the lips), [[pharynx]] (throat), and [[larynx]] (voice box). People who consume 50 or more grams of alcohol per day (approximately 3.5 or more drinks per day) have at least a two to three times greater risk of developing these cancers than nondrinkers. Moreover, the risks of these cancers are substantially higher among persons who consume this amount of alcohol and also use tobacco. In its Report on [[carcinogens]], the National Toxicology Program of the US Department of Health and Human Services lists consumption of alcoholic beverages as a known human carcinogen. The [[research]] evidence indicates that the more alcohol a person drinks—particularly the more alcohol a person drinks regularly over time—the higher his or her risk of developing an alcohol-associated cancer. Based on data from 2009, an estimated 3.5 percent of all cancer deaths in the United States (about 19,500 deaths) were alcohol related.<ref>{{Cite web | title = NIH alcohol and cancer risk| url =http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/alcohol/alcohol-fact-sheet }}</ref> 
** Both smoking and chewing tobacco can lead to irritation of mucous membrane of the mouth.  
===Human Papilloma Virus===
** 60 types of carcinogens are known to occur in tobacco smoke.  
Infection with [[human papillomavirus]] (HPV), particularly type 16 (there are over 180 types), is a known risk factor and independent causative factor for oral cancer. About 70 percent of [[oropharyngeal]] cancers are caused by [[HPV]]. In the United States, more than half of cancers diagnosed in the oropharynx are linked to HPV type 16. Recent research from multiple peer-reviewed journal articles indicates that HPV16 is the primary risk factor in this new population of oral cancer victims. [[HPV]]16 (along with HPV18) is the same virus responsible for the vast majority of all [[cervical]] cancers and is the most common [[sexually transmitted infection]] in the US. Oral cancer in this group tends to favor the tonsil and tonsillar pillars, base of the tongue, and the oropharynx. Recent data suggest that individuals that come to the disease from this particular etiology have a significant survival advantage, as the disease responds better to [[radiation]] treatments than tobacco etiology disease.<ref>{{Cite web | title =NIH HPV and Cancer| url =http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-fact-sheet }}</ref>
** If any form of tobacco use is combined with heavy alcohol intake, the carcinogenic potential increases.
===Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation===
 
Patients after [[hematopoietic]] [[stem cell]] [[transplantation]] (HSCT) are at a higher risk for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Post-HSCT oral cancer may have more aggressive behavior with poorer prognosis, when compared to oral cancer in non-HSCT patients. This effect is supposed to be owing to the continuous lifelong immune suppression and chronic oral [[graft-versus-host disease]].<ref>{{Cite web | title =Wikipedia Oral cancer causes| url =https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_cancer }}</ref>
* Alcohol
** Heavy alcohol intake can lead to cancer of pharynx and larynx.  
** Carcinogenic potential increases when combined with tobacco use.  
 
* Human Papilloma Virus(HPV)
** HPV type 16 is the most common subtype associated with oral cancer.
** Unprotected oral sexual behaviours with a patient suffering from HPV can transmit this virus.<ref name="pmid28778951">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shah A, Malik A, Garg A, Mair M, Nair S, Chaturvedi P |title=Oral sex and human papilloma virus-related head and neck squamous cell cancer: a review of the literature |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=93 |issue=1105 |pages=704–709 |year=2017 |pmid=28778951 |doi=10.1136/postgradmedj-2016-134603 |url=}}</ref>
** Most commonly involves tonsils, base of the tongue and the oropharynx.
 
* Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
** Higher risk for squamous cell carcinoma


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 21:35, 29 January 2018

Oral cancer Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Oral cancer from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Staging

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

X Ray

CT

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Oral cancer causes On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Oral cancer causes

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Oral cancer causes

CDC on Oral cancer causes

Oral cancer causes in the news

Blogs on Oral cancer causes

Directions to Hospitals Treating Oral cancer

Risk calculators and risk factors for Oral cancer causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]:Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Simrat Sarai, M.D. [2]

Overview

Common causes of oral cancer include premalignant lesion, tobacco, alcohol, human papillomavirus, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Causes

Common causes of oral cancer include:

  • Premalignant lesion[1]
    • Benign and morphologically altered tissue
    • Premalignant lesions are of various types:
      • Leukoplakia - benign white patches
      • Erythroplakia - red patches
      • Erythroleukoplakia - mixed red and white patches
      • lichen planus
      • Oral submucous fibrosis - very common in Indian subcontinent
      • actinic cheilitis
  • Tobacco
    • 75% cases of oral cancers occur due to tobacco.
    • It causes irritation of mucous membrane in the mouth.
    • Both smoking and chewing tobacco can lead to irritation of mucous membrane of the mouth.
    • 60 types of carcinogens are known to occur in tobacco smoke.
    • If any form of tobacco use is combined with heavy alcohol intake, the carcinogenic potential increases.
  • Alcohol
    • Heavy alcohol intake can lead to cancer of pharynx and larynx.
    • Carcinogenic potential increases when combined with tobacco use.
  • Human Papilloma Virus(HPV)
    • HPV type 16 is the most common subtype associated with oral cancer.
    • Unprotected oral sexual behaviours with a patient suffering from HPV can transmit this virus.[2]
    • Most commonly involves tonsils, base of the tongue and the oropharynx.
  • Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
    • Higher risk for squamous cell carcinoma

References

  1. ↑ Colvin RB, Pinn VW, Simpson BA, Dvorak HF (1973). "Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity. IV. The "late reaction": sequel to Jones-Mote type hypersensitivity. Comparison with rabbit Arthus reaction. Effect of passive antibody on induction and expression of Jones-Mote hypersensitivity". J. Immunol. 110 (5): 1279–89. PMID 4266835.
  2. ↑ Shah A, Malik A, Garg A, Mair M, Nair S, Chaturvedi P (2017). "Oral sex and human papilloma virus-related head and neck squamous cell cancer: a review of the literature". Postgrad Med J. 93 (1105): 704–709. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2016-134603. PMID 28778951.


Template:WH Template:WS

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Oral_cancer_causes&oldid=1434634"