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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| {{Kidney stone}} | | {{Kidney stone}} |
| {{CMG}} | | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} |
| | ==Overview== |
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| | ==Historical Perspective== |
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| | ==Classification== |
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| | ==Pathophysiology== |
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| | ==Causes== |
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| | ==Differentiating Hereditary pancreatitis from Other Diseases== |
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| | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== |
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| | ==Risk Factors== |
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| | ==Screening== |
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| ==Overview== | | ==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== |
| '''Kidney stones''' are solid concretions (crystal aggregations) of dissolved [[dietary mineral|minerals]] in [[urine]]; calculi typically form inside the [[kidney]]s or [[bladder]].
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| Renal calculi can vary in size from as small as grains of sand to as large as grapefruit.
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| Kidney stones typically leave the body by passage in the urine stream, and many stones are formed and passed without causing symptoms. If stones grow to sufficient size before passage — on the order of at least 2-3 millimeters — they can cause obstruction of the [[ureter]]. The resulting obstruction with dilation or stretching of the upper ureter and renal pelvis as well as spasm of muscle, trying to move the stone, can cause severe episodic [[Pain and nociception|pain]], most commonly felt in the [[flank]], lower abdomen and groin (a condition called [[renal colic]]). Renal colic can be associated with [[nausea]] and [[vomiting]] due to the [[embryology|embyrological]] association of the [[kidney]]s with the intestinal tract. [[Hematuria]] (bloody urine) is commonly present due to damage to the lining of the urinary tract. Recurrence rates are estimated at about 10% per year. Men are affected approximately 4 times more often than women.
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| ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| | ===Diagnostic Criteria=== |
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| | ===History and Symptoms=== |
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| | ===Physical Examination=== |
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| ===Laboratory Findings=== | | ===Laboratory Findings=== |
| Clinical diagnosis is usually made on the basis of the location and severity of the pain, which is typically [[renal colic|colic]] in nature (comes and goes in spasmodic waves).
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| ===Ultrasonography=== | | ===Electrocardiogram=== |
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| | ===X-ray=== |
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| | ===Ultrasound=== |
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| | ===CT scan=== |
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| Imaging is used to confirm the diagnosis and a number of other tests can be undertaken to help establish both the possible cause and consequences of the stone. | | ===MRI=== |
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| | ===Other Imaging Findings=== |
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| | ===Other Diagnostic Studies=== |
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| | ==Treatment== |
| | ===Medical Therapy=== |
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| | ===Surgery=== |
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| | ===Primary Prevention=== |
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| | ===Secondary Prevention=== |
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{reflist|2}} | | {{reflist|2}} |
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| [[Category:Disease]]
| | {{WikiDoc Help Menu}} |
| [[Category:Kidney diseases]]
| | {{WikiDoc Sources}} |
| [[Category:Urology]]
| | [[Category: (name of the system)]] |
| [[Category:Emergency medicine]]
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| [[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
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| [[Category:Primary care]]
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| {{WH}} | |
| {{WS}} | |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Hereditary pancreatitis from Other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Criteria
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Electrocardiogram
X-ray
Ultrasound
CT scan
MRI
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Surgery
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
References
Template:WikiDoc Sources