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==Overview==
==Overview==
The current understanding of the pathogenesis of dyspepsia began with the first description of gastric ulcer disease in 1799. The term was first used in its current form in 1916 by Walter Alvarez.
The current understanding of the [[pathogenesis]] of dyspepsia began with the first description of [[Peptic ulcer|gastric ulcer]] disease in 1799. The term was first used in its current form in 1916 by Walter Alvarez.


==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
*Indigestion is an old English word meaning ‘lack of digestion’, and dyspepsia symptoms have been recognized since the birth of medicine. however, the underlying pathogenesis of dyspepsia only began to be appreciated when Baillie in 1799 first described the anatomy and symptoms of gastric ulcer disease.
*Indigestion is an old english word meaning ‘lack of [[digestion]]’, and dyspepsia symptoms have been recognized since the birth of medicine. however, the underlying [[pathogenesis]] of dyspepsia only began to be appreciated when Baillie in 1799 first described the anatomy and symptoms of gastric ulcer disease.
*Development of barium X-ray radiology by Cannon in 1897 led to the clinical recognition of [[peptic ulcer disease]] and its relationship with symptoms.
*Development of [[barium]] [[X-ray]] [[radiology]] by Cannon in 1897 led to the clinical recognition of [[peptic ulcer disease]] and its relationship with symptoms.
*Walter Alvarez at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN was the first to apply the term 'functional dyspepsia' in 1916 to describe patients with ulcer-like symptoms and a normal X-ray.
*Walter Alvarez at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN was the first to apply the term 'functional dyspepsia' in 1916 to describe patients with ulcer-like symptoms and a normal X-ray.
*Hundred years ago, polish clinical researcher professor W.Jaworski was the first to describe the spiral-shaped [[Microorganisms|microorganism]]  at Cracow Jagiellonian University
*Hundred years ago, polish clinical researcher professor W.Jaworski was the first to describe the spiral-shaped [[Microorganisms|microorganism]]  at Cracow Jagiellonian University
Line 16: Line 16:
*In 1586, Marcellus Donatus of Mantua described gastric [[ulcers]] by performing autopsies  
*In 1586, Marcellus Donatus of Mantua described gastric [[ulcers]] by performing autopsies  
*In 1688, Johannes von Murault gave detailed description of duodenal [[ulcers]]  
*In 1688, Johannes von Murault gave detailed description of duodenal [[ulcers]]  
*In 1812, Broussais found that if acute [[gastritis]] is untreated, it can lead to chronic [[gastritis]]
*In 1812, Broussais found that if acute [[gastritis]] is untreated, it can lead to [[chronic]] [[gastritis]]
*In 1821, Nepveu found a relationship between [[gastritis]] and [[gastric cancer]]
*In 1821, Nepveu found a relationship between [[gastritis]] and [[gastric cancer]]
*In 1857, William Brintonin described  [[ulcer]] of the [[stomach]]  and gastric cancer in his book   
*In 1857, William Brintonin described  [[ulcer]] of the [[stomach]]  and gastric cancer in his book   
*In 1875, G.Bottcher and M. Letulle hypothesize that [[ulcers]] are caused by [[bacteria]]
*In 1875, G.Bottcher and M. Letulle hypothesize that [[ulcers]] are caused by [[bacteria]]
*In 1880, J.Cohnheim found that [[ulcers]] may be caused by chemical factors
*In 1880, J.Cohnheim found that [[ulcers]] may be caused by chemical factors
*In 1889, Walery Jaworski found spiral organisms in sediment washings of humans and proposed that these [[organisms]] may be involved with [[gastric]] disease
*In 1889, Walery Jaworski found spiral [[organisms]] in sediment washings of humans and proposed that these [[organisms]] may be involved with [[gastric]] disease
*In 1910, Moynihan wrote a book on [[duodenal ulcer]]<ref>{{cite book | last = Barry | first = J | title = Helicobacter pioneers : firsthand accounts from the scientists who discovered helicobacters, 1892-1982 | publisher = Blackwell | location = Victoria, Australia Malden, MA, USA | year = 2002 | isbn = 0867930357 }}</ref>
*In 1910, Moynihan wrote a book on [[duodenal ulcer]]<ref>{{cite book | last = Barry | first = J | title = Helicobacter pioneers : firsthand accounts from the scientists who discovered helicobacters, 1892-1982 | publisher = Blackwell | location = Victoria, Australia Malden, MA, USA | year = 2002 | isbn = 0867930357 }}</ref>
*In 1971, Howard Steer found [[H. pylori]] from biopsies of a patient with [[ulcers]]<ref>{{cite book | last = Barry | first = J | title = Helicobacter pioneers : firsthand accounts from the scientists who discovered helicobacters, 1892-1982 | publisher = Blackwell | location = Victoria, Australia Malden, MA, USA | year = 2002 | isbn = 0867930357 }}</ref><ref name="pmid15075463">{{cite journal |vauthors=Konturek JW |title=Discovery by Jaworski of Helicobacter pylori and its pathogenetic role in peptic ulcer, gastritis and gastric cancer |journal=J. Physiol. Pharmacol. |volume=54 Suppl 3 |issue= |pages=23–41 |year=2003 |pmid=15075463 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*In 1971, Howard Steer found [[H. pylori]] from [[biopsies]] of a patient with [[ulcers]]<ref>{{cite book | last = Barry | first = J | title = Helicobacter pioneers : firsthand accounts from the scientists who discovered helicobacters, 1892-1982 | publisher = Blackwell | location = Victoria, Australia Malden, MA, USA | year = 2002 | isbn = 0867930357 }}</ref><ref name="pmid15075463">{{cite journal |vauthors=Konturek JW |title=Discovery by Jaworski of Helicobacter pylori and its pathogenetic role in peptic ulcer, gastritis and gastric cancer |journal=J. Physiol. Pharmacol. |volume=54 Suppl 3 |issue= |pages=23–41 |year=2003 |pmid=15075463 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*In late 1970, J.R Warren, a pathologist in Perth, Australia found the appearance of spiral [[bacteria]] overlying [[gastric]] mucosa<ref name="pmid15075463">{{cite journal |vauthors=Konturek JW |title=Discovery by Jaworski of Helicobacter pylori and its pathogenetic role in peptic ulcer, gastritis and gastric cancer |journal=J. Physiol. Pharmacol. |volume=54 Suppl 3 |issue= |pages=23–41 |year=2003 |pmid=15075463 |doi= |url=}}</ref
*In late 1970, J.R Warren, a pathologist in Perth, Australia found the appearance of spiral [[bacteria]] overlying [[gastric]] mucosa<ref name="pmid15075463">{{cite journal |vauthors=Konturek JW |title=Discovery by Jaworski of Helicobacter pylori and its pathogenetic role in peptic ulcer, gastritis and gastric cancer |journal=J. Physiol. Pharmacol. |volume=54 Suppl 3 |issue= |pages=23–41 |year=2003 |pmid=15075463 |doi= |url=}}</ref
<nowiki>*</nowiki>In 1924, Luck and Seth discovered urease  occur naturally in the human stomach
<nowiki>*</nowiki>In 1924, Luck and Seth discovered urease  occur naturally in the human stomach
<nowiki>*</nowiki>The association between Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcer disease was made in 1982  by Warren and B.J marshall.They contended that most stomach ulcers and gastritis were caused by colonization with this bacterium, not by <nowiki>[[stress (medicine)|stress]]</nowiki> or <nowiki>[[spicy food]]</nowiki> as had been assumed before.<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{cite journal|author=Marshall BJ, Warren JR|title=Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration|journal=Lancet|year=1984|volume=1|issue=8390|pages=1311–1315|id=PMID 6145023}}</ref><ref name="urlHome | CDC Ulcer">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ulcer/index.htm |title=Home &#124; CDC Ulcer |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
<nowiki>*</nowiki>The association between Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcer disease was made in 1982  by Warren and B.J marshall.They contended that most stomach ulcers and gastritis were caused by colonization with this bacterium, not by <nowiki>[[stress (medicine)|stress]]</nowiki> or <nowiki>[[spicy food]]</nowiki> as had been assumed before.<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{cite journal|author=Marshall BJ, Warren JR|title=Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration|journal=Lancet|year=1984|volume=1|issue=8390|pages=1311–1315|id=PMID 6145023}}</ref><ref name="urlHome | CDC Ulcer">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ulcer/index.htm |title=Home &#124; CDC Ulcer |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*In 1982 , Warren and B.J marshall cultured the [[organism]] and found a strong association between [[Helicobacter pylori]] and [[inflammation]] of gastric mucosa<ref name="pmid15075463">{{cite journal |vauthors=Konturek JW |title=Discovery by Jaworski of Helicobacter pylori and its pathogenetic role in peptic ulcer, gastritis and gastric cancer |journal=J. Physiol. Pharmacol. |volume=54 Suppl 3 |issue= |pages=23–41 |year=2003 |pmid=15075463 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlHome | CDC Ulcer">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ulcer/index.htm |title=Home &#124; CDC Ulcer |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*In 1982 , Warren and B.J marshall cultured the [[organism]] and found a strong association between [[Helicobacter pylori]] and [[inflammation]] of [[gastric mucosa]]<ref name="pmid15075463">{{cite journal |vauthors=Konturek JW |title=Discovery by Jaworski of Helicobacter pylori and its pathogenetic role in peptic ulcer, gastritis and gastric cancer |journal=J. Physiol. Pharmacol. |volume=54 Suppl 3 |issue= |pages=23–41 |year=2003 |pmid=15075463 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlHome | CDC Ulcer">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ulcer/index.htm |title=Home &#124; CDC Ulcer |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*In an act of self-experimentation Marshall drank a petri-dish containing a culture of organisms extracted from a patient and soon developed gastritis.   
*In an act of self-experimentation Marshall drank a petri-dish containing a culture of organisms extracted from a [[patient]] and soon developed [[gastritis]].   
*His symptoms disappeared after two weeks, but he took [[antibiotics]] to kill the remaining [[bacteria]] at the urging of his wife.This experiment was published in 1984 in the Australian Medical Journal<ref name="mja"><nowiki>{{cite web url=</nowiki>http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/183_11_051205/van11000_fm.html#0_i1091639<nowiki>| title=Research Enterprise, The 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine |accessdate=2007-08-26}}</nowiki></ref>  
*His symptoms disappeared after two weeks, but he took [[antibiotics]] to kill the remaining [[bacteria]] at the urging of his wife.This [[experiment]] was published in 1984 in the Australian Medical Journal<ref name="mja"><nowiki>{{cite web url=</nowiki>http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/183_11_051205/van11000_fm.html#0_i1091639<nowiki>| title=Research Enterprise, The 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine |accessdate=2007-08-26}}</nowiki></ref>  
*In 1994, Parsonnet et al found an association between H. pylori and [[lymphomas]] of the gastrointestinal tract<ref name="pmid8145781">{{cite journal |vauthors=Parsonnet J, Hansen S, Rodriguez L, Gelb AB, Warnke RA, Jellum E, Orentreich N, Vogelman JH, Friedman GD |title=Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric lymphoma |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=330 |issue=18 |pages=1267–71 |year=1994 |pmid=8145781 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199405053301803 |url=}}</ref>
*In 1994, Parsonnet et al found an association between H. pylori and [[lymphomas]] of the [[Gastrointestinal tract|gastrointestinal]] tract<ref name="pmid8145781">{{cite journal |vauthors=Parsonnet J, Hansen S, Rodriguez L, Gelb AB, Warnke RA, Jellum E, Orentreich N, Vogelman JH, Friedman GD |title=Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric lymphoma |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=330 |issue=18 |pages=1267–71 |year=1994 |pmid=8145781 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199405053301803 |url=}}</ref>
*In 1997 Tomb et al. completed sequencing of the entire 1,667,867 base pairs of the H. pylori [[genome]]. This helped in identifying new virulence factors for the infectivity of [[H. pylori]] at the molecular level<ref name="pmid9252185">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tomb JF, White O, Kerlavage AR, Clayton RA, Sutton GG, Fleischmann RD, Ketchum KA, Klenk HP, Gill S, Dougherty BA, Nelson K, Quackenbush J, Zhou L, Kirkness EF, Peterson S, Loftus B, Richardson D, Dodson R, Khalak HG, Glodek A, McKenney K, Fitzegerald LM, Lee N, Adams MD, Hickey EK, Berg DE, Gocayne JD, Utterback TR, Peterson JD, Kelley JM, Cotton MD, Weidman JM, Fujii C, Bowman C, Watthey L, Wallin E, Hayes WS, Borodovsky M, Karp PD, Smith HO, Fraser CM, Venter JC |title=The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori |journal=Nature |volume=388 |issue=6642 |pages=539–47 |year=1997 |pmid=9252185 |doi=10.1038/41483 |url=}}</ref>
*In 1997 Tomb et al. completed sequencing of the entire 1,667,867 base pairs of the H. pylori [[genome]]. This helped in identifying new virulence factors for the [[infectivity]] of [[H. pylori]] at the molecular level<ref name="pmid9252185">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tomb JF, White O, Kerlavage AR, Clayton RA, Sutton GG, Fleischmann RD, Ketchum KA, Klenk HP, Gill S, Dougherty BA, Nelson K, Quackenbush J, Zhou L, Kirkness EF, Peterson S, Loftus B, Richardson D, Dodson R, Khalak HG, Glodek A, McKenney K, Fitzegerald LM, Lee N, Adams MD, Hickey EK, Berg DE, Gocayne JD, Utterback TR, Peterson JD, Kelley JM, Cotton MD, Weidman JM, Fujii C, Bowman C, Watthey L, Wallin E, Hayes WS, Borodovsky M, Karp PD, Smith HO, Fraser CM, Venter JC |title=The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori |journal=Nature |volume=388 |issue=6642 |pages=539–47 |year=1997 |pmid=9252185 |doi=10.1038/41483 |url=}}</ref>
*In 2001, Chan et al. showed that eradication of [[H. pylori]]  prevents bleeding from ulcers that is caused by [[aspirin]] and [[Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug|non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]]<ref name="pmid11274623">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chan FK, Chung SC, Suen BY, Lee YT, Leung WK, Leung VK, Wu JC, Lau JY, Hui Y, Lai MS, Chan HL, Sung JJ |title=Preventing recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection who are taking low-dose aspirin or naproxen |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=344 |issue=13 |pages=967–73 |year=2001 |pmid=11274623 |doi=10.1056/NEJM200103293441304 |url=}}</ref>
*In 2001, Chan et al. showed that eradication of [[H. pylori]]  prevents [[bleeding]] from [[ulcers]] that is caused by [[aspirin]] and [[Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug|non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]]<ref name="pmid11274623">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chan FK, Chung SC, Suen BY, Lee YT, Leung WK, Leung VK, Wu JC, Lau JY, Hui Y, Lai MS, Chan HL, Sung JJ |title=Preventing recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection who are taking low-dose aspirin or naproxen |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=344 |issue=13 |pages=967–73 |year=2001 |pmid=11274623 |doi=10.1056/NEJM200103293441304 |url=}}</ref>
*In 2002, European Helicobacter Pylori Study Group published the Maastricht 2-2000 Consensus Report, found a "test-and-treat" strategy for [[H. pylori]] in young patients without atypical symptoms. It suggests the use of noninvasive testing to evaluate for [[H. pylori]] <ref name="pmid11860399">{{cite journal |vauthors=Malfertheiner P, Mégraud F, O'Morain C, Hungin AP, Jones R, Axon A, Graham DY, Tytgat G |title=Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection-the Maastricht 2-2000 Consensus Report |journal=Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=167–80 |year=2002 |pmid=11860399 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*In 2002, European Helicobacter Pylori Study Group published the Maastricht 2-2000 Consensus Report, found a "test-and-treat" strategy for [[H. pylori]] in young patients without atypical symptoms. It suggests the use of noninvasive testing to evaluate for [[H. pylori]] <ref name="pmid11860399">{{cite journal |vauthors=Malfertheiner P, Mégraud F, O'Morain C, Hungin AP, Jones R, Axon A, Graham DY, Tytgat G |title=Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection-the Maastricht 2-2000 Consensus Report |journal=Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=167–80 |year=2002 |pmid=11860399 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*In 2005 Warren and Marshall awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine by  Karolinska Institute in Stockholm for their discovery of the bacterium ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' and its role in [[gastritis]] and [[peptic ulcer disease]]<ref name="urlThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005">{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2005/index.html |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005 |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*In 2005 Warren and Marshall awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine by  Karolinska Institute in Stockholm for their discovery of the bacterium ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' and its role in [[gastritis]] and [[peptic ulcer disease]]<ref name="urlThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005">{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2005/index.html |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005 |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>


*In 1992,Covacci discovered CagA [[gene]], which encodes for a cytotoxin-associated surface protein, related  with strains of [[H. pylori]] that caused duodenal [[ulcers]] and was discovered by molecular techniques were first involved in the pathogenesis of [[peptic ulcer disease]] <ref name="pmid8516329">{{cite journal |vauthors=Covacci A, Censini S, Bugnoli M, Petracca R, Burroni D, Macchia G, Massone A, Papini E, Xiang Z, Figura N |title=Molecular characterization of the 128-kDa immunodominant antigen of Helicobacter pylori associated with cytotoxicity and duodenal ulcer |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=90 |issue=12 |pages=5791–5 |year=1993 |pmid=8516329 |pmc=46808 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*In 1992,Covacci discovered CagA [[gene]], which encodes for a [[cytotoxin]]-associated surface [[protein]], related  with strains of [[H. pylori]] that caused [[duodenal]] [[ulcers]] and was discovered by [[molecular]] techniques were first involved in the [[pathogenesis]] of [[peptic ulcer disease]] <ref name="pmid8516329">{{cite journal |vauthors=Covacci A, Censini S, Bugnoli M, Petracca R, Burroni D, Macchia G, Massone A, Papini E, Xiang Z, Figura N |title=Molecular characterization of the 128-kDa immunodominant antigen of Helicobacter pylori associated with cytotoxicity and duodenal ulcer |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=90 |issue=12 |pages=5791–5 |year=1993 |pmid=8516329 |pmc=46808 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

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ccEditor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ajay Gade MD[2]]

Overview

The current understanding of the pathogenesis of dyspepsia began with the first description of gastric ulcer disease in 1799. The term was first used in its current form in 1916 by Walter Alvarez.

Historical Perspective

  • Indigestion is an old english word meaning ‘lack of digestion’, and dyspepsia symptoms have been recognized since the birth of medicine. however, the underlying pathogenesis of dyspepsia only began to be appreciated when Baillie in 1799 first described the anatomy and symptoms of gastric ulcer disease.
  • Development of barium X-ray radiology by Cannon in 1897 led to the clinical recognition of peptic ulcer disease and its relationship with symptoms.
  • Walter Alvarez at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN was the first to apply the term 'functional dyspepsia' in 1916 to describe patients with ulcer-like symptoms and a normal X-ray.
  • Hundred years ago, polish clinical researcher professor W.Jaworski was the first to describe the spiral-shaped microorganism at Cracow Jagiellonian University
  • In pre-16th century:
  • In 1586, Marcellus Donatus of Mantua described gastric ulcers by performing autopsies
  • In 1688, Johannes von Murault gave detailed description of duodenal ulcers
  • In 1812, Broussais found that if acute gastritis is untreated, it can lead to chronic gastritis
  • In 1821, Nepveu found a relationship between gastritis and gastric cancer
  • In 1857, William Brintonin described ulcer of the stomach and gastric cancer in his book
  • In 1875, G.Bottcher and M. Letulle hypothesize that ulcers are caused by bacteria
  • In 1880, J.Cohnheim found that ulcers may be caused by chemical factors
  • In 1889, Walery Jaworski found spiral organisms in sediment washings of humans and proposed that these organisms may be involved with gastric disease
  • In 1910, Moynihan wrote a book on duodenal ulcer[2]
  • In 1971, Howard Steer found H. pylori from biopsies of a patient with ulcers[3][4]
  • In late 1970, J.R Warren, a pathologist in Perth, Australia found the appearance of spiral bacteria overlying gastric mucosa[4][5]
  • In 1982 , Warren and B.J marshall cultured the organism and found a strong association between Helicobacter pylori and inflammation of gastric mucosa[4][5]
  • In an act of self-experimentation Marshall drank a petri-dish containing a culture of organisms extracted from a patient and soon developed gastritis.
  • His symptoms disappeared after two weeks, but he took antibiotics to kill the remaining bacteria at the urging of his wife.This experiment was published in 1984 in the Australian Medical Journal[6]
  • In 1994, Parsonnet et al found an association between H. pylori and lymphomas of the gastrointestinal tract[7]
  • In 1997 Tomb et al. completed sequencing of the entire 1,667,867 base pairs of the H. pylori genome. This helped in identifying new virulence factors for the infectivity of H. pylori at the molecular level[8]
  • In 2001, Chan et al. showed that eradication of H. pylori prevents bleeding from ulcers that is caused by aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs[9]
  • In 2002, European Helicobacter Pylori Study Group published the Maastricht 2-2000 Consensus Report, found a "test-and-treat" strategy for H. pylori in young patients without atypical symptoms. It suggests the use of noninvasive testing to evaluate for H. pylori [10]
  • In 2005 Warren and Marshall awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine by Karolinska Institute in Stockholm for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease[11]

References

  1. ↑ Kidd M, Modlin IM (1998). "A century of Helicobacter pylori: paradigms lost-paradigms regained". Digestion. 59 (1): 1–15. PMID 9468093.
  2. ↑ Barry, J (2002). Helicobacter pioneers : firsthand accounts from the scientists who discovered helicobacters, 1892-1982. Victoria, Australia Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell. ISBN 0867930357.
  3. ↑ Barry, J (2002). Helicobacter pioneers : firsthand accounts from the scientists who discovered helicobacters, 1892-1982. Victoria, Australia Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell. ISBN 0867930357.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Konturek JW (2003). "Discovery by Jaworski of Helicobacter pylori and its pathogenetic role in peptic ulcer, gastritis and gastric cancer". J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 54 Suppl 3: 23–41. PMID 15075463.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Home | CDC Ulcer".
  6. ↑ {{cite web url=http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/183_11_051205/van11000_fm.html#0_i1091639| title=Research Enterprise, The 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine |accessdate=2007-08-26}}
  7. ↑ Parsonnet J, Hansen S, Rodriguez L, Gelb AB, Warnke RA, Jellum E, Orentreich N, Vogelman JH, Friedman GD (1994). "Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric lymphoma". N. Engl. J. Med. 330 (18): 1267–71. doi:10.1056/NEJM199405053301803. PMID 8145781.
  8. ↑ Tomb JF, White O, Kerlavage AR, Clayton RA, Sutton GG, Fleischmann RD, Ketchum KA, Klenk HP, Gill S, Dougherty BA, Nelson K, Quackenbush J, Zhou L, Kirkness EF, Peterson S, Loftus B, Richardson D, Dodson R, Khalak HG, Glodek A, McKenney K, Fitzegerald LM, Lee N, Adams MD, Hickey EK, Berg DE, Gocayne JD, Utterback TR, Peterson JD, Kelley JM, Cotton MD, Weidman JM, Fujii C, Bowman C, Watthey L, Wallin E, Hayes WS, Borodovsky M, Karp PD, Smith HO, Fraser CM, Venter JC (1997). "The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori". Nature. 388 (6642): 539–47. doi:10.1038/41483. PMID 9252185.
  9. ↑ Chan FK, Chung SC, Suen BY, Lee YT, Leung WK, Leung VK, Wu JC, Lau JY, Hui Y, Lai MS, Chan HL, Sung JJ (2001). "Preventing recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection who are taking low-dose aspirin or naproxen". N. Engl. J. Med. 344 (13): 967–73. doi:10.1056/NEJM200103293441304. PMID 11274623.
  10. ↑ Malfertheiner P, Mégraud F, O'Morain C, Hungin AP, Jones R, Axon A, Graham DY, Tytgat G (2002). "Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection-the Maastricht 2-2000 Consensus Report". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 16 (2): 167–80. PMID 11860399.
  11. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005".
  12. ↑ Covacci A, Censini S, Bugnoli M, Petracca R, Burroni D, Macchia G, Massone A, Papini E, Xiang Z, Figura N (1993). "Molecular characterization of the 128-kDa immunodominant antigen of Helicobacter pylori associated with cytotoxicity and duodenal ulcer". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 (12): 5791–5. PMC 46808. PMID 8516329.

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