|
|
| Line 260: |
Line 260: |
| !+/- | | !+/- |
| ! | | ! |
| | * S3, systolic murmur, Rales |
| ! | | ! |
| ! | | ! |
Revision as of 18:03, 22 February 2018
_NO TOC_
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vindhya BellamKonda, M.B.B.S [2]
Hyperventilation
| Organ system
|
Diseases
|
Clinical manifestations
|
Diagnosis
|
Other features
|
| Symptoms
|
Physical exam
|
| Chest pain
|
Dyspnea
|
Fever
|
Palpitations
|
Cyanosis
|
Tachypnea
|
JVD
|
Peripheral edema
|
Auscultation
|
ABGs
|
Lab findings
|
Imaging
|
PFT
|
Gold standard
|
| Pulmonary system
|
Pneumothorax
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
_
|
_
|
|
|
|
X- ray -
- Mediastinal shift
- Deep sulcus sign
- Hydropneumothorax
- CT-scan- Bullae
|
|
CT-scan
|
- Hypoxia,
- Hypercapnia
- Hyperesonance to percussion,
- Vocal resonance
- Tactile fremitus decreased
|
| Pulmonary embolism
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pneumonia
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
-
|
-
|
- Bronchial breath sounds
- Crepitations
- Bronchophony
- Egophony
- Whispering pectoroloqy
|
|
- CBC
- Blood culture
- Mantoux test
- Serology (mycoplasma, viruses)
- Sputum: Gram stain and culture
|
- CXR- Lobar consolidation, Air bronchogram;
- Atypical pneumonia: Diffuse interstitial infiltrates
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Exacerbation of asthma/COPD
|
-
|
+
|
-
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
-
|
-
|
- Decreased breath sounds
- Wheezing
- Coarse crackles
|
- Increased PaCo2
- Decreased PaO2
|
- CBC- Increased hematocrit from chronic hypoxia
- Sputum evaluation, BNP( to rule out heart failure)
|
- X- ray:
- Hyperinflated lungs
- Flattening of the diaphragm
- Narrow heart shadow
- Cardiomegaly
|
- Increased TLC
- Increased RV
- Decreased Vital capacity
- Decreased DLco ( Emphysema)
- Normal DLco ( Chronic bronchitis)
|
- HRCT ( High resolution computed tomography of the lung)
|
- Productive cough
- Exercise intolerance
- Altered mental status
- Cor-pulmonale
- Hyperresonance on percussion
|
| Interstitial lung disease
|
+
|
+
|
-/+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
-/+
|
-
|
|
- Increased A-a gradient
- Decreased PaO2
- Increased PaCo2
|
|
- Chest X-ray- Reticular infiltrates
- Honey combing
|
- FEV1 decreased
- FVC decreased
- TLC decreased
- RV decreased
- DLco decreased
- FEV1/FVC normal
|
- HRCT -more accurate than chest xray
- Most accurate test is lung biopsy
|
- Physical examination shows clubbing
- Decreased pulmonary compliance
|
| Intrapulmonary shunt
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Upper airway obstruction
|
-/+
|
+
|
-
|
-/+
|
-/+
|
+
|
-/+
|
-
|
Inspiratory stridor
|
- Increased PaCo2
- Decreased PaO2
|
|
- Plain radiograph of the neck
- Steeple sign (Croup in pediatric population)
- CT
- MRI
|
Decreased vital capacity
|
|
- Hoarseness
- Accessory muscle use during respiration
- Chest retractions
|
| High altitude sickness
|
-
|
+
|
+/-
|
+
|
+/-
|
+
|
-
|
+
|
|
|
- CBC
- EKG- Right sided heart strain
|
- CXR- Bilateral patchy infiltrates
- Brain Ct scan
|
|
|
|
| Cardiovascular system
|
Acute coronary syndrome
|
+
|
+
|
-
|
+/-
|
+/-
|
+/-
|
+/-
|
+/-
|
- S3, systolic murmur, Rales
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Heart failure
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dysrhythmias
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shock
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Metabolic/Systemic disorders
|
Diabetic ketoacidosis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hypocalcemia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hypoglycemia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Endocrine system
|
Hyperthyroidism
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pheochromocytoma
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| CNS
|
Central nervous system tumor
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Anxiety/panic attacks
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Others
|
Pregnancy
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hepatic failure
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Sepsis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|