Antiphospholipid syndrome history and symptoms: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Antiphospholipid syndrome can cause ([[artery|arterial]]/[[vein|venous]]) [[blood clot]]s (in any organ system) or [[pregnancy]]-related complications (especially [[miscarriage]]s in the second or third [[trimester]]). In APS patients, the most common venous event is [[deep vein thrombosis]] of the lower extremities (blood clot of the deep veins of the legs). The most common arterial event is a [[stroke]]. Patients presenting with antiphosphoplipid syndrome have a positive history of deep venous thrombosis, myocardial infarction and stroke. Last trimester miscarriages, history of heart murmurs or cardiac valvular vegetations and hemolytic anemias may also be present. | |||
==History== | ==History== | ||
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* [[Amaurosis fugax]] | * [[Amaurosis fugax]] | ||
* Retinal infarct | * Retinal infarct | ||
* Peripheral or deep venous occlusion | * Peripheral or deep venous occlusion | ||
* [[Raynaud’s syndrome]] | * [[Raynaud’s syndrome]] | ||
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* [[Pre-eclampsia]] | * [[Pre-eclampsia]] | ||
* [[Adrenal insufficiency]] | * [[Adrenal insufficiency]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 16:13, 23 March 2018
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Feham Tariq, MD [2]
Overview
Antiphospholipid syndrome can cause (arterial/venous) blood clots (in any organ system) or pregnancy-related complications (especially miscarriages in the second or third trimester). In APS patients, the most common venous event is deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities (blood clot of the deep veins of the legs). The most common arterial event is a stroke. Patients presenting with antiphosphoplipid syndrome have a positive history of deep venous thrombosis, myocardial infarction and stroke. Last trimester miscarriages, history of heart murmurs or cardiac valvular vegetations and hemolytic anemias may also be present.
History
Patients presenting with antiphosphoplipid syndrome (APS) may have a positive history of:
- Thrombosis (eg, DVT/PE, MI, transient ischemic attack [TIA], or stroke, especially if recurrent, at an earlier age, or in the absence of other known risk factors)
- Miscarriage (especially late trimester or recurrent) or premature birth
- History of heart murmur or cardiac valvular vegetations
- History of hematologic abnormalities, such as thrombocytopenia or hemolytic anemia
- History of nephropathy
- Nonthrombotic neurologic symptoms, such as migraine headaches, chorea, seizures, transverse myelitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, or dementia (rare)
- Unexplained adrenal insufficiency
- Avascular necrosis of bone in the absence of other risk factors
- Pulmonary hypertension
Symptoms
Common Symptoms
Common symptoms of APS can be divided into major and minor features:
Major features:
- Venous thrombosis
- Arterial thrombosis
- Thrombocytopenia
- Recurrent fetal loss
Minor features:
- Migraine
- Livedo reticularis
- Endocardial valvular vegetations
- Transverse myelopathy
- Chorea
- Leg ulcers
Less Common Symptoms
Less common symptoms of APS include:
- Myocardial Infarction
- Stroke
- Pulmonary embolism
- Amaurosis fugax
- Retinal infarct
- Peripheral or deep venous occlusion
- Raynaud’s syndrome
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Avascular necrosis
- Recurrent fetal loss (especially in the 2nd or 3rd trimester)
- Pre-eclampsia
- Adrenal insufficiency