Myasthenia gravis physical examination: Difference between revisions
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Physical examination of patients with myasthenia gravis is usually remarkable for: | Physical examination of patients with myasthenia gravis is usually remarkable for: | ||
==== Appearance of the Patient ==== | ==== Appearance of the Patient: ==== | ||
the characteristic facial expression of a MG patient is downward lip corners and depress face.(40) The other characteristics of myasthenia gravis is asymmetrical ptosis, worsen with sustained activity. to compensate this symptom the frontalis muscle will contract unilaterally. the other sign which we can see in the face of MG patients are incomplete eye closure.(30-31) Cogan's lid twitch is seen in this patient when they want to elevate their eyelid after rest. the eyelid will elevate and quickly drops.(32) They also have lid retraction in normal eyelid to compensate ptosis.(38) The peek sign in present in these patients when they try to close their eyes and the white sclera appears and eyes start to open slowly.(39) | |||
==== | ==== Neck: ==== | ||
Weakness of oropharyngeal muscles causes nasal voice, regurgitation of water from nose, difficulty in swallowing and chewing. laryngeal muscle weakness causes hoarseness.(40) | |||
==== | ==== Lungs: ==== | ||
MG patients may experience respiratory muscle weakness especially in crises.(57) | |||
==== Genitourinary ==== | |||
==== Genitourinary ==== | |||
==== Neuromuscular ==== | ==== Neuromuscular ==== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Physical Examination
Physical examination of patients with myasthenia gravis is usually remarkable for:
Appearance of the Patient:
the characteristic facial expression of a MG patient is downward lip corners and depress face.(40) The other characteristics of myasthenia gravis is asymmetrical ptosis, worsen with sustained activity. to compensate this symptom the frontalis muscle will contract unilaterally. the other sign which we can see in the face of MG patients are incomplete eye closure.(30-31) Cogan's lid twitch is seen in this patient when they want to elevate their eyelid after rest. the eyelid will elevate and quickly drops.(32) They also have lid retraction in normal eyelid to compensate ptosis.(38) The peek sign in present in these patients when they try to close their eyes and the white sclera appears and eyes start to open slowly.(39)
Neck:
Weakness of oropharyngeal muscles causes nasal voice, regurgitation of water from nose, difficulty in swallowing and chewing. laryngeal muscle weakness causes hoarseness.(40)
Lungs:
MG patients may experience respiratory muscle weakness especially in crises.(57)
Genitourinary
Neuromuscular
It has been suggested that ice pack and edrophonium tesst are parts of neurological examination of a suspected patient.[1]
Ice pack test: Based on the fact that this test was designed by the fact that cooling can improve NMJ transmission, it can be used only in patients with ptosis since the eyelid muscle is the most accessible muscle to be cooled. We place the ice pack on closed lid for a couple of minutes and the assess the degree of ptosis in the patient. The sensitivity of this test is almost 80 percent.[1][2][3]
Edrophonium test: This test is used in patients with obvious ptosis or ophthalmoparesis. We begin with 2 mg of edriphonium and add another 2 mg every 60 second to the total dosage of 10 mg. this test can have serious muscarinic side effect so we begin with low dose edrophonium since so many patients will respond to drug in 4 to 6 mg dose and by this way we can reduce the side effects of the drug. The sensitivity of this test is 80 to 90 percent. A positive edrophonium test can be seen in other conditions such as motor neuron disease, brainstem tumors, and compressive cranial neuropathies.[1][4][5]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Benatar M (July 2006). "A systematic review of diagnostic studies in myasthenia gravis". Neuromuscul. Disord. 16 (7): 459–67. doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2006.05.006. PMID 16793269.
- ↑ Golnik KC, Pena R, Lee AG, Eggenberger ER (July 1999). "An ice test for the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis". Ophthalmology. 106 (7): 1282–6. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(99)00709-5. PMID 10406606.
- ↑ Larner AJ (September 2004). "The place of the ice pack test in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis". Int. J. Clin. Pract. 58 (9): 887–8. PMID 15529523.
- ↑ Nicolle MW (December 2016). "Myasthenia Gravis and Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome". Continuum (Minneap Minn). 22 (6, Muscle and Neuromuscular Junction Disorders): 1978–2005. doi:10.1212/CON.0000000000000415. PMID 27922503.
- ↑ Pascuzzi RM (March 2003). "The edrophonium test". Semin Neurol. 23 (1): 83–8. doi:10.1055/s-2003-40755. PMID 12870109.