Hypocalcemia overview: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
[[Hypocalcemia]] is the presence of low [[blood plasma|serum]] [[calcium]] levels in the [[blood]], usually taken as less than 3.5 mmol/L or 8.8 mg/dl or an [[ion]]ized calcium level of less than 1.1 mmol/L (4.5 mg/dL). It is a type of [[electrolyte disturbance]]. In the blood, about half of all calcium is bound to proteins such as [[serum albumin]], but it is the unbound, or [[Ionization|ionized]], calcium that the body regulates. If a person has abnormal levels of blood [[Protein|proteins]] then the plasma [[calcium]] may be inaccurate. The [[ionized]] calcium level is considered more clinically accurate in this case. | |||
[[Calcium]] is the most abundant mineral in the body. 99% of the body's calcium is stored in bone. Calcium is found in plasma and is either protein-bound or ionized and readily available. | [[Calcium]] is the most abundant mineral in the body. 99% of the body's [[calcium]] is stored in bone. Calcium is found in [[plasma]] and is either protein-bound or ionized and readily available. | ||
==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
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==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
There is a functional classification of hypocalcemia which includes complete absent of [[Parathyroid hormone|PTH]] gland, [[PTH]] insufficiency, and [[Parathyroid hormone|PTH]] overactivity. | There is a functional [[classification]] of [[hypocalcemia]] which includes complete absent of [[Parathyroid hormone|PTH]] gland, [[PTH]] insufficiency, and [[Parathyroid hormone|PTH]] overactivity. | ||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
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==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
[[Hypocalcemia|Hypocalcaemia]] | [[Hypocalcemia|Hypocalcaemia]], is having a low [[calcium]] concentrations in the blood.The normal range of serum [[calcium]] lies between 8.8–10.7 mg/dl, 4.3–5.2 mEq/l.In the past 20 years [[quantification]] of serum and [[ionized]] calcium and [[Parathyroid hormone|PTH]] concentrations, helps in easier [[diagnosis]]. It is difficult to quantify the incidence of [[ionized]] [[hypocalcemia]]. | ||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
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==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== | ==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== | ||
The clinical features of [[hypocalcemia]] may vary widely, which ranges from [[asymptomatic]] symptoms to life-threatening [[complications]].The main factors that influence the serum [[calcium]] levels are [[parathyroid hormone]] ([[PTH]]), [[vitamin D]], the calcium ions, and [[phosphate]].[[Hypocalcemia]] is commonly encountered in patients who are hospitalized. Undertreatment or improper treatment of hypocalcemic emergencies can lead to significant [[morbidity]].Death is rare but has been reported in [[hypocalcemia]] patients. | |||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
Revision as of 19:28, 12 July 2018
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Hypocalcemia Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Hypocalcemia overview On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Hypocalcemia overview |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
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Overview
Hypocalcemia is the presence of low serum calcium levels in the blood, usually taken as less than 3.5 mmol/L or 8.8 mg/dl or an ionized calcium level of less than 1.1 mmol/L (4.5 mg/dL). It is a type of electrolyte disturbance. In the blood, about half of all calcium is bound to proteins such as serum albumin, but it is the unbound, or ionized, calcium that the body regulates. If a person has abnormal levels of blood proteins then the plasma calcium may be inaccurate. The ionized calcium level is considered more clinically accurate in this case.
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. 99% of the body's calcium is stored in bone. Calcium is found in plasma and is either protein-bound or ionized and readily available.
Historical Perspective
The association between thyroid and parathyroid surgery and hypocalcemia was made by Billroth, Kocher, Mayo, and Halsted.
Classification
There is a functional classification of hypocalcemia which includes complete absent of PTH gland, PTH insufficiency, and PTH overactivity.
Pathophysiology
Hypocalcemia may develop in disorders associated with insufficient parathyroid hormone or vitamin D production or resistance to hormonal activities. Perturbations of calcium homeostasis can be caused by environmental factors or occur as a result of genetic mutations in the calcium-sensing receptor (as in type 1 autosomal dominant hypocalcemia), Gs α subunit (as in type 1A and 1B pseudohypoparathyroidism), vitamin D hydroxylase (as in type 1 vitamin D-dependent rickets , and calcitriol receptor (as in type 2 vitamin D-dependent rickets).
Causes
Hypocalcemia can be the consequence of multiple disease processes, some of which will be mentioned in the following discussion. Common causes of hypocalcemia include Vitamin D insufficiency, hypoparathyroidism, renal disease, pseudohypoparathyroidism, hypomagnesemia, drugs and fanconi syndrome etc.
Differentiating Hypocalcemia from Other Diseases
Hypocalcemia must be differentiated from tetanus, Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, Viral Meningitis, Stiff man syndrome, Strychnine poisoning and Parkinson's disease.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Hypocalcaemia, is having a low calcium concentrations in the blood.The normal range of serum calcium lies between 8.8–10.7 mg/dl, 4.3–5.2 mEq/l.In the past 20 years quantification of serum and ionized calcium and PTH concentrations, helps in easier diagnosis. It is difficult to quantify the incidence of ionized hypocalcemia.
Risk Factors
The most common risk factors of hypocalcemia are vitamin D deficiency. Other common causes of hypocalcemia include magnesium, newborn babies, parathyroid hormone (PTH), hyperphosphatemia and renal causes.
Screening
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for hypocalcemia.
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
The clinical features of hypocalcemia may vary widely, which ranges from asymptomatic symptoms to life-threatening complications.The main factors that influence the serum calcium levels are parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, the calcium ions, and phosphate.Hypocalcemia is commonly encountered in patients who are hospitalized. Undertreatment or improper treatment of hypocalcemic emergencies can lead to significant morbidity.Death is rare but has been reported in hypocalcemia patients.