Hypocalcemia classification
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Manpreet Kaur, MD [2]Vindhya BellamKonda, M.B.B.S [3]
Overview
Hypocalcemia may be classified functionally into complete absence of parathyroid gland, parathyroid hormone (PTH) insufficiency and PTH overactivity.
Classification
- Hypocalcemia may be classified functionally into the following sub-types:
Absence of parathyroid gland
- Absence of PTH is primarily seen in[1][2][3][4][5]
- Hereditary hypoparathyroidism
- Acquired hypoparathyroidism (e.g. surgical resection)
- Hypomagnesemia
PTH insufficiency
- PTH insufficiency is seen when the active form of vitamin D (1,25 di-Hydroxy-Vitamin D or Vitamin D3) is lacking. This may be seen in[6][7]
- Reduced dietary intake of vitamin D
- Insufficient exposure to sunlight
- Vitamin D-dependent rickets type 1
- Chronic renal failure
- PTH insufficiency is seen in active vitamin D ineffectiveness which is seen in
- Intestinal malabsorption
- Vitamin D-dependent rickets type 2
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism
PTH overactivity
References
- ↑ Riccardi D, Brown EM (March 2010). "Physiology and pathophysiology of the calcium-sensing receptor in the kidney". Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 298 (3): F485–99. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00608.2009. PMC 2838589. PMID 19923405.
- ↑ Sarkar S, Mondal M, Das K, Shrimal A (September 2012). "Mucocutaneous manifestations of acquired hypoparathyroidism: An observational study". Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 16 (5): 819–20. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.100637. PMC 3475912. PMID 23087872.
- ↑ Sturniolo G, Lo Schiavo MG, Tonante A, D'Alia C, Bonanno L (2000). "Hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy: a clinical biological study and surgical considerations". Int. J. Surg. Investig. 2 (2): 99–105. PMID 12678507.
- ↑ Pattou F, Combemale F, Fabre S, Carnaille B, Decoulx M, Wemeau JL, Racadot A, Proye C (July 1998). "Hypocalcemia following thyroid surgery: incidence and prediction of outcome". World J Surg. 22 (7): 718–24. PMID 9606288.
- ↑ Sciumè C, Geraci G, Pisello F, Facella T, Li Volsi F, Licata A, Modica G (2006). "[Complications in thyroid surgery: symptomatic post-operative hypoparathyroidism incidence, surgical technique, and treatment]". Ann Ital Chir (in Italian). 77 (2): 115–22. PMID 17147083.
- ↑ Carroll R, Matfin G (February 2010). "Endocrine and metabolic emergencies: hypocalcaemia". Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 1 (1): 29–33. doi:10.1177/2042018810366494. PMC 3474611. PMID 23148147.
- ↑ Zaloga GP, Chernow B (July 1987). "The multifactorial basis for hypocalcemia during sepsis. Studies of the parathyroid hormone-vitamin D axis". Ann. Intern. Med. 107 (1): 36–41. PMID 3592447.
- ↑ Carroll R, Matfin G (February 2010). "Endocrine and metabolic emergencies: hypocalcaemia". Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 1 (1): 29–33. doi:10.1177/2042018810366494. PMC 3474611. PMID 23148147.
- ↑ Brunelli, S. M.; Goldfarb, S. (2007). "Hypophosphatemia: Clinical Consequences and Management". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 18 (7): 1999–2003. doi:10.1681/ASN.2007020143. ISSN 1046-6673.